nLab jet bundle

Redirected from "jets".
Contents

Context

Differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

Introductions

from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds

geometry of physics: coordinate systems, smooth spaces, manifolds, smooth homotopy types, supergeometry

Differentials

V-manifolds

smooth space

Tangency

The magic algebraic facts

Theorems

Axiomatics

cohesion

infinitesimal cohesion

tangent cohesion

differential cohesion

graded differential cohesion

singular cohesion

id id fermionic bosonic bosonic Rh rheonomic reduced infinitesimal infinitesimal & étale cohesive ʃ discrete discrete continuous * \array{ && id &\dashv& id \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{fermionic}{}& \rightrightarrows &\dashv& \rightsquigarrow & \stackrel{bosonic}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{bosonic}{} & \rightsquigarrow &\dashv& \mathrm{R}\!\!\mathrm{h} & \stackrel{rheonomic}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{reduced}{} & \Re &\dashv& \Im & \stackrel{infinitesimal}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{infinitesimal}{}& \Im &\dashv& \& & \stackrel{\text{étale}}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{cohesive}{}& \esh &\dashv& \flat & \stackrel{discrete}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{discrete}{}& \flat &\dashv& \sharp & \stackrel{continuous}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ && \emptyset &\dashv& \ast }

Models

Lie theory, ∞-Lie theory

differential equations, variational calculus

Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory

Cartan geometry (super, higher)

Contents

Idea

A jet can be thought of as the infinitesimal germ of a section of some bundle or of a map between spaces. Jets are a coordinate free version of Taylor-polynomials and Taylor series.

Definition

Concrete

For

pEX p \coloneqq E \to X

a surjective submersion of smooth manifolds and kk \in \mathbb{N}, the bundle

J kPX J^k P \to X

of order-kk jets of sections of pp is the bundle whose fiber over a point xXx \in X is the space of equivalence classes of germs of sections of pp, where two germs are considered equivalent if their first kk partial derivatives at xx coincide.

In the case when pp is a trivial bundle p:X×YXp:X\times Y \to X its sections are canonically in bijection with maps from XX to YY and two sections have the same partial derivatives iff the partial derivatives of the corresponding maps from XX to YY agree. So in this case the jet space J kPJ^k P is called the space of jets of maps from XX to YY and commonly denoted with J k(X,Y)J^k(X,Y).

In order to pass to kk \to \infty to form the infinite jet bundle J PJ^\infty P one forms the projective limit over the finite-order jet bundles,

J Elim kJ kE=lim(J 3EJ 2EJ 1EE) J^\infty E \coloneqq \underset{\longleftarrow}{\lim}_k J^k E = \underset{\longleftarrow}{\lim} \left( \cdots J^3 E \to J^2 E \to J^1 E \to E \right)

but one has to decide in which category of infinite-dimensional manifolds to take this limit:

  1. one may form the limit formally, i.e. in pro-manifolds. This is what is implicit for instance in Anderson, p.3-5;

  2. one may form the limit in Fréchet manifolds, this is farily explicit in (Saunders 89, chapter 7). See at Fréchet manifold – Projective limits of finite-dimensional manifolds. Beware that this is not equivalent to the pro-manifold structure (see the remark here). It makes sense to speak of locally pro-manifolds.

The Atiyah exact sequence

When (X,𝒪 X)(X,\mathcal{O}_X) is a complex-analytic manifold with the structure sheaf of holomorphic functions, and EE a locally free sheaf of 𝒪 X\mathcal{O}_X-modules, we can be even more explicit. The first jet bundle J 1(E)J^1(E) fits into a short exact sequence, called the Atiyah exact sequence:

0E 𝒪 XΩ X 1J 1(E)E0 0\to E\otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X}\Omega_X^1\to J^1(E)\to E\to 0

where J 1(E)=(EΩ X 1)EJ^1(E) = (E\otimes\Omega_X^1)\oplus E as a \mathbb{C}-module, but with an 𝒪 X\mathcal{O}_X-action given by

f(sω,t)=(fsω+tdf,ft). f(s\otimes\omega,t) = (f s\otimes\omega+t\otimes\mathrm{d}f, f t).

The extension class [J 1(E)]Ext 𝒪 X 1(E,EΩ X 1)[J^1(E)]\in\mathrm{Ext}_{\mathcal{O}_X}^1(E,E\otimes\Omega_X^1) of this exact sequence is called the Atiyah class of EE, and is somewhat equivalent to the first Chern class of EE. Note that the Atiyah class is exactly the obstruction to the Atiyah exact sequence admitting a splitting, and a (holomorphic) splitting of the Atiyah exact sequence is exactly a Koszul connection.

General abstract

We discuss a general abstract definition of jet bundles.

Let H\mathbf{H} be an (∞,1)-topos equipped with differential cohesion with infinitesimal shape modality \Im (or rather a tower k\Im_k of such, for each infinitesimal order k{}k \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\} ).

For XHX \in \mathbf{H}, write (X)\Im(X) for the corresponding de Rham space object.

Notice that we have the canonical morphism, the XX-component of the unit of the \Im-monad

i:X(X) i \colon X \to \Im(X)

(“inclusion of constant paths into all infinitesimal paths”).

The corresponding base change geometric morphism is

(i *i *):H /XJet:=i *i *H /(X) (i^\ast \dashv i_\ast) \;\colon\; \mathbf{H}_{/X} \stackrel{\overset{i^*}{\longleftarrow}}{\underset{Jet := i_*}{\longrightarrow}} \mathbf{H}_{/\Im(X)}
Definition

The jet comonad is the (∞,1)-comonad

i *i *:H /XH /X i^\ast i_\ast \;\colon\; \mathbf{H}_{/X} \longrightarrow \mathbf{H}_{/X}
Remark

Since base change gives even an adjoint triple (i !i *i *)(i_! \dashv i^\ast \dashv i_\ast), there is a left adjoint T infX× X()T_{inf} X \times_X (-) to the jet comonad of def. ,

T infX× X()Jet T_{inf}X \times_X (-) \;\dashv\; Jet

where T infXT_{inf} X is the infinitesimal disk bundle of XX, see at differential cohesion – infinitesimal disk bundle – relation to jet bundles

Remark

In the context of differential geometry the fact that the jet bundle construction is a comonad was explicitly observed in (Marvan 86, see also Marvan 93, section 1.1, Marvan 89). It is almost implicit in (Krasil’shchik-Verbovetsky 98, p. 13, p. 17, Krasilshchik 99, p. 25).

In the context of synthetic differential geometry the fact that the jet bundle construction is right adjoint to the infinitesimal disk bundle construction is (Kock 80, prop. 2.2).

In the context of algebraic geometry and of D-schemes as in (BeilinsonDrinfeld, 2.3.2, reviewed in Paugam, section 2.3), the base change comonad formulation inf def. was noticed in (Lurie, prop. 0.9).

In as in (BeilinsonDrinfeld, 2.3.2, reviewed in Paugam, section 2.3) jet bundles are expressed dually in terms of algebras in D-modules. We now indicate how the translation works.

Remark

In terms of differential homotopy type theory this means that forming “jet types” of dependent types over XX is the dependent product operation along the unit of the infinitesimal shape modality

jet(E)XXE. jet(E) \coloneqq \underset{X \to \Im X}{\prod} E \,.
Definition

A quasicoherent (∞,1)-sheaf on XX is a morphism of (∞,2)-sheaves

XMod. X \to Mod \,.

We write

QC(X):=Hom(X,Mod) QC(X) := Hom(X, Mod)

for the stable (∞,1)-category of quasicoherent (∞,1)-sheaves.

A D-module on XX is a morphism of (∞,2)-sheaves

(X)Mod. \Im (X) \to Mod \,.

We write

DQC(X):=Hom((X),Mod) DQC(X) := Hom(\Im (X), Mod)

for the stable (∞,1)-category of D-modules.

The Jet algebra functor is the left adjoint to the forgetful functor from commutative algebras over 𝒟(X)\mathcal{D}(X) to those over the structure sheaf 𝒪(X)\mathcal{O}(X)

(JetF):Alg 𝒟(X)FJetAlg 𝒪(X). (Jet \dashv F) : Alg_{\mathcal{D}(X)} \stackrel{\overset{Jet}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{F}{\to}} Alg_{\mathcal{O}(X)} \,.

Application

Typical Lagrangians in quantum field theory are defined on jet bundles. Their variational calculus is governed by Euler-Lagrange equations.

Examples of sequences of local structures

geometrypointfirst order infinitesimal\subsetformal = arbitrary order infinitesimal\subsetlocal = stalkwise\subsetfinite
\leftarrow differentiationintegration \to
smooth functionsderivativeTaylor seriesgermsmooth function
curve (path)tangent vectorjetgerm of curvecurve
smooth spaceinfinitesimal neighbourhoodformal neighbourhoodgerm of a spaceopen neighbourhood
function algebrasquare-0 ring extensionnilpotent ring extension/formal completionring extension
arithmetic geometry𝔽 p\mathbb{F}_p finite field p\mathbb{Z}_p p-adic integers (p)\mathbb{Z}_{(p)} localization at (p)\mathbb{Z} integers
Lie theoryLie algebraformal grouplocal Lie groupLie group
symplectic geometryPoisson manifoldformal deformation quantizationlocal strict deformation quantizationstrict deformation quantization

References

Exposition of variational calculus in terms of jet bundles and Lepage forms and aimed at examples from physics is in

Lecture notes and textbook accounts:

Early accounts include

  • Hubert Goldschmidt, Integrability criteria for systems of nonlinear partial differential equations, J. Differential Geom. Volume 1, Number 3-4 (1967), 269-307 (Euclid)

The algebra of smooth functions of just locally finite order on the jet bundle (“locally pro-manifold”) was maybe first considered in

  • Floris Takens, A global version of the inverse problem of the calculus of variations, J. Differential Geom. Volume 14, Number 4 (1979), 543-562. (Euclid)

Discussion of the Fréchet manifold structure on infinite jet bundles includes

  • David Saunders, chapter 7 Infinite jet bundles of The geometry of jet bundles, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 142, Cambridge Univ. Press 1989.

  • M. Bauderon, Differential geometry and Lagrangian formalism in the calculus of variations, in Differential Geometry, Calculus of Variations, and their Applications, Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, 100, Marcel Dekker, Inc., N.Y., 1985, pp. 67-82.

  • C. T. J. Dodson, George Galanis, Efstathios Vassiliou,, p. 109 and section 6.3 of Geometry in a Fréchet Context: A Projective Limit Approach, Cambridge University Press (2015)

  • Andrew Lewis, The bundle of infinite jets (2006) (pdf)

Discussion of finite-order jet bundles in tems of synthetic differential geometry is in

  • Anders Kock, Formal manifolds and synthetic theory of jet bundles, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques (1980) Volume: 21, Issue: 3 (Numdam)

  • Anders Kock, section 2.7 of Synthetic geometry of manifolds, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 180 (2010). (pdf)

The jet comonad structure on the jet operation in the context of differential geometry is made explicit in

  • Michal Marvan, A note on the category of partial differential equations, in Differential geometry and its applications, Proceedings of the Conference August 24-30, 1986, Brno (pdf)

    (notice that prop. 1.3 there is wrong, the correct version is in the thesis of the author)

with further developments in

In the context of algebraic geometry, the abstract characterization of jet bundles as the direct images of base change along the de Rham space projection is noticed in

  • Jacob Lurie, p. 6 of: Notes on crystals and algebraic 𝒟\mathcal{D}-modules (2010) [pdf]

The explicit description in terms of formal duals of commutative monoids in D-modules is in

Exposition:

A discussion of jet bundles with an eye towards discussion of the variational bicomplex on them :

The de Rham complex and variational bicomplex of jet bundles is discussed in

  • G. Giachetta, L. Mangiarotti, Gennadi Sardanashvily, Cohomology of the variational bicomplex on the infinite order jet space, Journal of Mathematical Physics 42, 4272-4282 (2001) (arXiv:math/0006074)

where both versions (smooth functions being globally or locally of finite order) are discussed and compared.

Discussion of all this in the convenient context of smooth sets:

Discussion of jet-restriction of the Haefliger groupoid is in

  • Arne Lorenz, Jet Groupoids, Natural Bundles and the Vessiot Equivalence Method, Thesis (pdf)

Discussion of jet bundles in supergeometry includes

  • Arthemy V. Kiselev, Andrey O. Krutov, appendix of On the (non)removability of spectral parameters in 2\mathbb{Z}_2-graded zero-curvature representations and its applications (arXiv:1301.7143)

  • Gennadi Sardanashvily, Graded infinite order jet manifolds, Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. v.4 (2007) 1335-1362 (arXiv:0708.2434)

See also

On jet bundles of \mathbb{Z}-graded manifolds and their vector bundles:

On jet bundles in noncommutative geometry:

Last revised on March 4, 2024 at 05:49:36. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.