nLab Theta characteristic

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Contents

Context

Differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

Introductions

from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds

geometry of physics: coordinate systems, smooth spaces, manifolds, smooth homotopy types, supergeometry

Differentials

V-manifolds

smooth space

Tangency

The magic algebraic facts

Theorems

Axiomatics

cohesion

infinitesimal cohesion

tangent cohesion

differential cohesion

graded differential cohesion

singular cohesion

id id fermionic bosonic bosonic Rh rheonomic reduced infinitesimal infinitesimal & étale cohesive ʃ discrete discrete continuous * \array{ && id &\dashv& id \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{fermionic}{}& \rightrightarrows &\dashv& \rightsquigarrow & \stackrel{bosonic}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{bosonic}{} & \rightsquigarrow &\dashv& \mathrm{R}\!\!\mathrm{h} & \stackrel{rheonomic}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{reduced}{} & \Re &\dashv& \Im & \stackrel{infinitesimal}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{infinitesimal}{}& \Im &\dashv& \& & \stackrel{\text{étale}}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{cohesive}{}& \esh &\dashv& \flat & \stackrel{discrete}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{discrete}{}& \flat &\dashv& \sharp & \stackrel{continuous}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ && \emptyset &\dashv& \ast }

Models

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differential equations, variational calculus

Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory

Cartan geometry (super, higher)

Cohomology

cohomology

Special and general types

Special notions

Variants

Extra structure

Operations

Theorems

Contents

Idea

For XX a space equipped with a notion of dimension dimXdim X \in \mathbb{N} and a notion of Kähler differential forms, a Θ\Theta-characteristic of XX is a choice of square root of the canonical characteristic class of XX. See there for more details.

In complex analytic geometry and at least if the Theta characteristic is principally polarizing then its holomorphic sections are called theta functions. In particular for line bundles over the Jacobian variety of a Riemann surface they are called Riemann theta functions.

Examples

Over Riemann surfaces

Proposition

For Σ\Sigma a Riemann surface, the choices of square roots of the canonical bundle correspond to the choice of spin structures.

For XX of genus gg, there are 2 2g2^{2g} many choices of square roots of the canonical bundle.

(Atiyah, prop. 3.2).

Remark

The first statement remains true in higher dimensions over Kähler manifolds, see at Spin structure – On Kähler manifolds.

Proposition

The function that sends a square root line bundle to the dimension of its space of holomorphic sections mod2mod \;2 is a quadratic refinement of the intersection pairing on H 1(X, 2)H^1(X, \mathbb{Z}_2).

This is due to (Atiyah, theorem 2). A motivational survey in broader context of quadratic refinements of the intersection pairing in higher dimensions is in (Hopkins-Singer 02, section 2.1).

As metaplectic and Spin structure over (Kähler-)polarized varieties

In the context of geometric quantization a metaplectic structure on a polarization is a square root of a certain line bundle. In the special case of Kähler polarization this is a square root precisely of the canonical line bundle of the underlying complex manifold and hence is a Θ\Theta-characteristic. Also, equivalently this is a Spin structure, see at spin structure – Over a Kähler manifold. For more on this see at geometric quantization – Quantum states as index of Dolbeault-Dirac operator.

Notice that generalizing from complex analytic geometry to algebraic geometry over other bases, then the analog of a Kähler polarization is a polarized variety. Hence a choice of Theta characteristic on a polarized variety is the analog of a metaplectically corrected Kähler manifold.

Over intermediate Jacobians

A special square root of the canonical bundle on intermediate Jacobians in dimension 2k+12k+1 thought of as moduli spaces of (flat) circle (2k+1)-bundles with connection has a unique section the partition function of abelian self-dual higher gauge theory (see there for details). (Witten 96, Hopkins-Singer 02).

The following table lists classes of examples of square roots of line bundles

line bundlesquare rootchoice corresponds to
canonical bundleTheta characteristicover Riemann surface and Hermitian manifold (e.g.Kähler manifold): spin structure
density bundlehalf-density bundle
canonical bundle of Lagrangian submanifoldmetalinear structuremetaplectic correction
determinant line bundlePfaffian line bundle
quadratic secondary intersection pairingpartition function of self-dual higher gauge theoryintegral Wu structure

References

The spaces of choices of Θ\Theta-characteristics over Riemannian manifolds were originally discussed in

  • Michael Atiyah, Riemann surfaces and spin structures, Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure, (1971), Quatrième Série 4: 47–62, ISSN 0012-9593, MR0286136

See also

  • M. Bertola, Riemann surfaces and Theta Functions, August 2010 (pdf)

  • Gavril Farkas, Theta characteristics and their moduli (2012) (arXiv:1201.2557)

The relation of Theta characteristics on intermediate Jacobians to self-dual higher gauge theory was first recognized in

and the argument there was made rigorous in

Related arguments revolving around characteristic elements for the intersection pairing appear in

  • Bjorn Poonen, Eric Rains, Self cup products and the theta characteristic torsor (arXiv:1104.2105)

Last revised on August 26, 2014 at 06:01:45. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.