# nLab reduced homology

### Context

#### Homological algebra

homological algebra

and

nonabelian homological algebra

diagram chasing

# Contents

## Idea

In general, the homology of a point is not trivial but is concentrated in degree 0 on the given coefficient object. For some applications, though, it is convenient to divide out that contribution such as to have the homology of the point be entirely trivial. This is called reduced homology.

## Definition

### Reduced singular homology

We discuss the reduced version of singular homology.

Let $X$ be a topological space. Write ${C}_{•}\left(X\right)$ for its singular chain complex.

###### Definition

The augmentation map is the homomorphism of abelian groups

$ϵ:{C}_{0}\left(X\right)\to ℤ$\epsilon \colon C_0(X) \to \mathbb{Z}

which adds up all the coefficients of all 0-chains:

$ϵ::\sum _{i}{n}_{i}{\sigma }_{i}↦\sum _{i}{n}_{i}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\epsilon \colon \colon \sum_{i} n_i \sigma_i \mapsto \sum_i n_i \,.

Since the boundary of a 1-chain is in the kernel of this map, it constitutes a chain map

$ϵ:{C}_{•}\left(X\right)\to ℤ\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}},$\epsilon \colon C_\bullet(X) \to \mathbb{Z} \,,

where now $ℤ$ is regarded as a chain complex concentrated in degree 0.

###### Definition

The reduced singular chain complex ${\stackrel{˜}{C}}_{•}\left(X\right)$ of $X$ is the kernel of the augmentation map, the chain complex sitting in the short exact sequence

$0\to {\stackrel{˜}{C}}_{•}\left(X\right)\to {C}_{•}\left(X\right)\stackrel{ϵ}{\to }ℤ\to 0\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$0 \to \tilde C_\bullet(X) \to C_\bullet(X) \stackrel{\epsilon}{\to} \mathbb{Z} \to 0 \,.

The reduced singular homology ${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{•}\left(X\right)$ of $X$ is the chain homology of the reduced singular chain complex

${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{•}\left(X\right)≔{H}_{•}\left({\stackrel{˜}{C}}_{•}\left(X\right)\right)\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\tilde H_\bullet(X) \coloneqq H_\bullet(\tilde C_\bullet(X)) \,.

Equivalently:

###### Definition

The reduced singular homology of $X$, denoted ${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{•}\left(X\right)$, is the chain homology of the augmented chain complex

$\cdots \to {C}_{2}\left(X\right)\stackrel{{\partial }_{1}}{\to }{C}_{1}\left(X\right)\stackrel{{\partial }_{0}}{\to }{C}_{0}\left(X\right)\stackrel{ϵ}{\to }ℤ\to 0\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\cdots \to C_2(X) \stackrel{\partial_1}{\to} C_1(X) \stackrel{\partial_0}{\to} C_0(X) \stackrel{\epsilon}{\to} \mathbb{Z} \to 0 \,.

## Properties

### Relation to ordinary homology

Let $X$ be a topological space, ${H}_{•}\left(X\right)$ its singular homology and ${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{•}\left(X\right)$ its reduced singular homology, def. 2.

###### Proposition

For $n\in ℕ$ there is an isomorphism

${H}_{n}\left(X\right)\simeq \left\{\begin{array}{cc}{\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{n}\left(X\right)& \mathrm{for}\phantom{\rule{thickmathspace}{0ex}}n\ge 1\\ {\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{0}\left(X\right)\oplus ℤ& \mathrm{for}\phantom{\rule{thickmathspace}{0ex}}n=0\end{array}$H_n(X) \simeq \left\{ \array{ \tilde H_n(X) & for \; n \geq 1 \\ \tilde H_0(X) \oplus \mathbb{Z} & for\; n = 0 } \right.
###### Proof

The homology long exact sequence of the defining short exact sequence ${\stackrel{˜}{C}}_{•}\left(C\right)\to {C}_{•}\left(X\right)\stackrel{ϵ}{\to }ℤ$ is, since $ℤ$ here is concentrated in degree 0, of the form

$\cdots \to {\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{n}\left(X\right)\to {H}_{n}\left(X\right)\to 0\to \cdots \to 0\to \cdots \to {\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{1}\left(X\right)\to {H}_{1}\left(X\right)\to 0\to {\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{0}\left(X\right)\to {H}_{0}\left(X\right)\stackrel{ϵ}{\to }ℤ\to 0\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\cdots \to \tilde H_n(X) \to H_n(X) \to 0 \to \cdots \to 0 \to \cdots \to \tilde H_1(X) \to H_1(X) \to 0 \to \tilde H_0(X) \to H_0(X) \stackrel{\epsilon}{\to} \mathbb{Z} \to 0 \,.

Here exactness says that all the morphisms ${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{n}\left(X\right)\to {H}_{n}\left(X\right)$ for positive $n$ are isomorphisms. Moreover, since $ℤ$ is a free abelian group, hence a projective object, the remaining short exact sequence

$0\to {\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{0}\left(X\right)\to {H}_{0}\left(X\right)\to ℤ\to 0$0 \to \tilde H_0(X) \to H_0(X) \to \mathbb{Z} \to 0

is split (as discussed there) and hence ${H}_{0}\left(X\right)\simeq {\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{0}\left(X\right)\oplus ℤ$.

###### Proposition

For $X=*$ the point, the morphism

${H}_{0}\left(ϵ\right):{H}_{0}\left(X\right)\to ℤ$H_0(\epsilon) \colon H_0(X) \to \mathbb{Z}

is an isomorphism. Accordingly the reduced homology of the point vanishes in every degree:

${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{•}\left(*\right)\simeq 0\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\tilde H_\bullet(*) \simeq 0 \,.
###### Proof

By the discussion at Singular homology – Relation to homotopy groups we have that

${H}_{n}\left(*\right)\simeq \left\{\begin{array}{cc}ℤ& \mathrm{for}\phantom{\rule{thickmathspace}{0ex}}n=0\\ 0& \mathrm{otherwise}\end{array}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$H_n(*) \simeq \left\{ \array{ \mathbb{Z} & for \; n = 0 \\ 0 & otherwise } \right. \,.

Moreover, it is clear that $ϵ:{C}_{0}\left(*\right)\to ℤ$ is the identity map.

### Relation to relative homology

###### Proposition

For $X$ an inhabited topological space, its reduced singular homology, def. 2, coincides with its relative singular homology relative to any base point $x:*\to X$:

${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{•}\left(X\right)\simeq {H}_{•}\left(X,*\right)\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\tilde H_\bullet(X) \simeq H_\bullet(X,*) \,.
###### Proof

Consider the sequence of topological subspace inclusions

$\varnothing ↪*\stackrel{x}{↪}X\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\emptyset \hookrightarrow * \stackrel{x}{\hookrightarrow} X \,.

By the discussion at Relative homology - long exact sequences this induces a long exact sequence of the form

$\cdots \to {H}_{n+1}\left(*\right)\to {H}_{n+1}\left(X\right)\to {H}_{n+1}\left(X,*\right)\to {H}_{n}\left(*\right)\to {H}_{n}\left(X\right)\to {H}_{n}\left(X,*\right)\to \cdots \to {H}_{1}\left(X\right)\to {H}_{1}\left(X,*\right)\to {H}_{0}\left(*\right)\stackrel{{H}_{0}\left(x\right)}{\to }{H}_{0}\left(X\right)\to {H}_{n}\left(X,*\right)\to 0\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\cdots \to H_{n+1}(*) \to H_{n+1}(X) \to H_{n+1}(X,*) \to H_n(*) \to H_n(X) \to H_n(X,*) \to \cdots \to H_1(X) \to H_1(X,*) \to H_0(*) \stackrel{H_0(x)}{\to} H_0(X) \to H_n(X,*) \to 0 \,.

Here in positive degrees we have ${H}_{n}\left(*\right)\simeq 0$ and therefore exactness gives isomorphisms

${H}_{n}\left(X\right)\stackrel{\simeq }{\to }{H}_{n}\left(X,*\right)\phantom{\rule{thickmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thickmathspace}{0ex}}{\forall }_{n\ge 1}$H_n(X) \stackrel{\simeq}{\to} H_n(X,*)\;\; \forall_{n \geq 1}

and hence with prop. 1 isomorphisms

${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{n}\left(X\right)\stackrel{\simeq }{\to }{H}_{n}\left(X,*\right)\phantom{\rule{thickmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thickmathspace}{0ex}}{\forall }_{n\ge 1}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\tilde H_n(X) \stackrel{\simeq}{\to} H_n(X,*)\;\; \forall_{n \geq 1} \,.

It remains to deal with the case in degree 0. To that end, observe that ${H}_{0}\left(x\right):{H}_{0}\left(*\right)\to {H}_{0}\left(X\right)$ is a monomorphism: for this notice that we have a commuting diagram

$\begin{array}{ccc}{H}_{0}\left(*\right)& \stackrel{\mathrm{id}}{\to }& {H}_{0}\left(*\right)\\ {}^{{H}_{0}\left(x\right)}↓& {}^{{H}_{0}\left(f\right)}↗& {↓}_{\simeq }^{{H}_{0}\left(ϵ\right)}\\ {H}_{0}\left(X\right)& \stackrel{{H}_{0}\left(ϵ\right)}{\to }& ℤ\end{array}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}},$\array{ H_0(*) &\stackrel{id}{\to}& H_0(*) \\ {}^{\mathllap{H_0(x)}}\downarrow &{}^{\mathllap{H_0(f)}}\nearrow& \downarrow^{\mathrlap{H_0(\epsilon)}}_\simeq \\ H_0(X) &\stackrel{H_0(\epsilon)}{\to}& \mathbb{Z} } \,,

where $f:X\to *$ is the terminal map. That the outer square commutes means that ${H}_{0}\left(ϵ\right)\circ {H}_{0}\left(x\right)={H}_{0}\left(ϵ\right)$ and hence the composite on the left is an isomorphism. This implies that ${H}_{0}\left(x\right)$ is an injection.

Therefore we have a short exact sequence as shown in the top of this diagram

$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& \to & {H}_{0}\left(*\right)& \stackrel{{H}_{0}\left(x\right)}{↪}& {H}_{0}\left(X\right)& \stackrel{}{\to }& {H}_{0}\left(X,*\right)& \to & 0\\ & & & {}_{\simeq }↘& {↓}^{{H}_{0}\left(ϵ\right)}& \\ & & & & ℤ\end{array}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\array{ 0 &\to& H_0(*) &\stackrel{H_0(x)}{\hookrightarrow}& H_0(X) &\stackrel{}{\to}& H_0(X,*) &\to& 0 \\ && & {}_{\mathllap{\simeq}}\searrow & \downarrow^{\mathrlap{H_0(\epsilon)}} & \\ && && \mathbb{Z} } \,.

Using this we finally compute

$\begin{array}{rl}{\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{0}\left(X\right)& ≔\mathrm{ker}{H}_{0}\left(ϵ\right)\\ & \simeq \mathrm{coker}\left({H}_{0}\left(x\right)\right)\\ & \simeq {H}_{0}\left(X,*\right)\end{array}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\begin{aligned} \tilde H_0(X) & \coloneqq ker H_0(\epsilon) \\ & \simeq coker( H_0(x) ) \\ & \simeq H_0(X,*) \end{aligned} \,.
###### Remark

Moreover, for “good” inclusions $A↪X$ of topological space, the reduced singular homology of the quotient $X/A$ is isomorphic to the $A$-relative singular homology of $X$.

### Relation to wedge sums

Let $\left\{*\to {X}_{i}{\right\}}_{i}$ be a set of pointed topological spaces. Write ${\vee }_{i}{X}_{i}\in \mathrm{Top}$ for their wedge sum and write ${\iota }_{i}:{X}_{i}\to {\vee }_{i}{X}_{i}$ for the canonical inclusion functions.

###### Proposition

For each $n\in ℕ$ the homomorphism

$\left({\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{n}\left({\iota }_{i}\right){\right)}_{i}:{\oplus }_{i}{\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{n}\left({X}_{i}\right)\to {\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{n}\left({\vee }_{i}{X}_{i}\right)$(\tilde H_n(\iota_i))_i \colon \oplus_i \tilde H_n(X_i) \to \tilde H_n(\vee_i X_i)

is an isomorphism.

For instance (Hatcher, cor. 2.25).

###### Proof

This follows with this proposition at relative homology.

## Examples

### For singular homology

For $X$ a topological space, write ${H}_{n}\left(X\right)$ for its singular homology with integer coefficients.

###### Example

If $X$ is a contractible topological space, then for all $n\in ℕ$

${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{n}\left(X\right)\simeq 0\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\tilde H_n(X) \simeq 0 \,.
###### Example

The reduced singular homology of the 0-sphere ${S}^{0}\simeq *\coprod *$ is

${\stackrel{˜}{H}}_{n}\left({S}^{0}\right)\simeq \left\{\begin{array}{cc}ℤ& \mathrm{if}\phantom{\rule{thickmathspace}{0ex}}n=0\\ 0& \mathrm{otherwise}\end{array}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}.$\tilde H_n(S^0) \simeq \left\{ \array{ \mathbb{Z} & if \; n = 0 \\ 0 & otherwise } \right. \,.

## References

Reduced singular homology is discussed for instance around p. 119 of

Revised on May 31, 2013 22:01:35 by Anonymous Coward (155.41.126.235)