nLab adjoint (infinity,1)-functor

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Contents

Contents

Idea

The notion of adjunction between two (∞,1)-functors generalizes the notion of adjoint functors from category theory to (∞,1)-category theory.

There are many equivalent definitions of the ordinary notion of adjoint functor. Some of them have more evident generalizations to some parts of higher category theory than others.

  • One definition of ordinary adjoint functors says that a pair of functors CRLDC \stackrel{\overset{L}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{R}{\to}} D is an adjunction if there is a natural isomorphism

    Hom C(L(),)Hom D(,R()). Hom_C(L(-),-) \simeq Hom_D(-,R(-)) \,.

    The analog of this definition makes sense very generally in (∞,1)-category theory, where Hom C(,):C op×CGrpdHom_C(-,-) : C^{op} \times C \to \infty Grpd is the (,1)(\infty,1)-categorical hom-object.

  • One other characterization of adjoint functors in terms of their cographs/heteromorphisms: the Cartesian fibrations to which the functor is associated. At cograph of a functor it is discussed how two functors L:CDL : C \to D and R:DCR : D \to C are adjoint precisely if the cograph of LL coincides with the cograph of RR up to the obvious reversal of arrows

(LR)(cograph(L)cograph(R op) op). (L \dashv R) \Leftrightarrow (cograph(L) \simeq cograph(R^{op})^{op}) \,.

Using the (∞,1)-Grothendieck construction the notion of cograph of a functor has an evident generalization to (,1)(\infty,1)-categories.

Definition

In terms of hom-equivalences

Definition

(in terms of hom equivalence induced by unit map)

A pair of (∞,1)-functors

CRLD C \stackrel{\overset{L}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{R}{\to}} D

is an adjunction, if there exists a unit transformation ϵ:Id DRL\epsilon : Id_D \to R \circ L – a morphism in the (∞,1)-category of (∞,1)-functors Func(D,D)Func(D,D) – such that for all dDd \in D and cCc \in C the induced morphism

Hom C(L(d),c)R L(d),cHom D(R(L(d)),R(c))Hom D(ϵ,R(c))Hom D(d,R(c)) Hom_C(L(d),c) \stackrel{R_{L(d), c}}{\to} Hom_D(R(L(d)), R(c)) \stackrel{Hom_D(\epsilon, R(c))}{\to} Hom_D(d,R(c))

is an equivalence of ∞-groupoids.

In terms of the concrete incarnation of the notion of (,1)(\infty,1)-category by the notion of quasi-category, we have that Hom C(L(d),c)Hom_C(L(d),c) and Hom D(d,R(c))Hom_D(d,R(c)) are incarnated as hom-objects in quasi-categories, which are Kan complexes, and the above equivalence is a homotopy equivalence of Kan complexes.

In this form is due to Lurie 09, Def. 5.2.2.7.

Streamlined discussion is in Riehl & Verity 15, 4.4.2-4.4.4 and Riehl & Verity 20, 3.3.3-3.5.1 and Riehl & Verity “Elements”, Prop. 4.1.1.

In terms of cographs/heteromorphisms

We discuss here the quasi-category theoretic analog of Adjoint functors in terms of cographs (heteromorphisms).

We make use here of the explicit realization of the (∞,1)-Grothendieck construction in its incarnation for quasi-categories: here an (∞,1)-functors L:DCL : D \to C may be regarded as a map Δ[1] op\Delta[1]^{op} \to (∞,1)Cat, which corresponds under the Grothendieck construction to a Cartesian fibration of simplicial sets coGraph(L)Δ[1]coGraph(L) \to \Delta[1].

Definition

(in terms of Cartesian/coCartesian fibrations)

Let CC and DD be quasi-categories. An adjunction between CC and DD is

Two (∞,1)-functors L:CDL : C \to D and R:DCR : D \to C are called adjoint – with LL left adjoint to RR and RR right adjoint to LL if

  • there exists an adjunction KIK \to I in the above sense

  • and LL and KK are the associated functors to the Cartesian fibation p:KΔ[1]p \colon K \to \Delta[1] and the Cartesian fibration p op:K opΔ[1] opp^{op} : K^{op} \to \Delta[1]^{op}, respectively.

In the homotopy 2-category

Definition

(in terms of the homotopy 2-category)

Say that a 2-categorical pair of adjoint (∞,1)-functors is an adjunction in the homotopy 2-category of (∞,1)-categories.

This concept, in the spirit of formal \infty -category theory, was mentioned, briefly, in Joyal 2008, p. 159 (11 of 348) and then expanded on in Riehl-Verity 15, Def. 4.0.1.

Such a 2-categorical adjunctions (Def. ) determines an adjoint pair of \infty-functors in the sense of Lurie 2009 (Riehl-Verity 15, Rem. 4.4.5):

Proposition

An anti-parallal pair of morphisms in Cat Cat_\infty is a pair of adjoint \infty-functors in the sense of Lurie 2009, Sec. 5.2 if and only its image in the homotopy 2-category Ho 2 ( Cat ) Ho_2\big(Cat_\infty\big) forms an adjunction in the classical sense of 2-category theory (Def. ).

(Riehl & Verity 2022, Sec. F.5, Prop. F.5.6)

The conceptual content of Prop. may be made manifest as follows:

Proposition

Every 2-categorical pair of adjoint (,1)(\infty,1)-functors in the sense of Def. extends to a “homotopy coherent adjunction” in an essentially unique way.

(Riehl & Verity 2016, Thm. 4.3.11, 4.4.11)

Properties

Proposition

For CC and DD quasi-categories, the two definitions of adjunction,

  1. in terms of Hom-equivalence induced by unit maps (Def. )

  2. in terms of Cartesian/coCartesian fibrations (Def. )

are equivalent.

This is HTT, prop 5.2.2.8.

Proof

First we discuss how to produce the unit for an adjunction from the data of a correspondence KΔ[1]K \to \Delta[1] that encodes an \infty-adjunction (fg)(f \dashv g).

For that, define a morphism F:Λ[2] 2×CKF' : \Lambda[2]_2 \times C \to K as follows:

  • on {0,2}\{0,2\} it is the morphism F:C×Δ[1]KF : C \times \Delta[1] \to K that exhibits ff as associated to KK, being Id CId_C on C×{0}C \times \{0\} and ff on C×{2}C \times \{2\};

  • on {1,2}\{1,2\} it is the morphism C×Δ[1]f×IdD×Δ[1]GKC \times \Delta[1] \stackrel{f \times Id}{\to} D \times \Delta[1] \stackrel{G}{\to} K, where GG is the morphism that exhibits gg as associated to KK;

Now observe that FF' in particular sends {1,2}\{1,2\} to Cartesian morphisms in KK (by definition of functor associated to KK). By one of the equivalent characterizations of Cartesian morphisms, this means that the lift in the diagram

Λ[2] 2 F K F Δ[2]×C Δ[1] \array{ \Lambda[2]_2 &\stackrel{F'}{\to}& K \\ \downarrow &{}^{F''}\nearrow& \downarrow \\ \Delta[2] \times C &\to & \Delta[1] }

exists. This defines a morphism C×{0,1}KC \times \{0,1\} \to K whose components may be regarded as forming a natural transformation u:d Cgfu : d_C \to g \circ f.

To show that this is indeed a unit transformation, we need to show that the maps of hom-object in a quasi-category for all cCc \in C and dDd \in D

Hom D(f(f),d)Hom C(g(f(c)),g(d))Hom C(c,g(d)) Hom_D(f(f), d) \to Hom_C(g(f(c)), g(d)) \to Hom_C(c, g(d))

is an equivalence, hence an isomorphism in the homotopy category. Once checks that this fits into a commuting diagram

Hom D(f(c),d) Hom C(g(f(c)),g(d)) Hom C(c,g(d)) Hom K(C,D) = Hom K(C,D). \array{ Hom_D(f(c), d) &\to& Hom_C(g(f(c)), g(d)) &\to& Hom_C(c, g(d)) \\ \downarrow &&&& \downarrow \\ Hom_K(C,D) &&=&& Hom_K(C,D) } \,.

For illustration, chasing a morphism f(c)df(c) \to d through this diagram yields

(f(c)d) (g(f(c))g(d)) (cg(f(c))g(d)) (cg(f(c))f(c)d) = (cg(f(c))g(d)d), \array{ (f(c) \to d) &\mapsto& (g(f(c)) \to g(d)) &\mapsto& (c \to g(f(c)) \to g(d)) \\ \downarrow && && \downarrow \\ (c \to g(f(c)) \to f(c) \to d) &&=&& (c \to g(f(c)) \to g(d) \to d) } \,,

where on the left we precomposed with the Cartesian morphism

g(f(c)) c f(c) \array{ && g(f(c)) \\ & \nearrow &\Downarrow^{\simeq}& \searrow \\ c &&\to&& f(c) }

given by F| c:Δ[2]KF''|_{c} : \Delta[2] \to K, by …

Uniqueness of adjoints

The adjoint of a functor is, if it exists, essentially unique:

Proposition

If the (,1)(\infty,1)-functor between quasi-categories L:DCL : D \to C admits a right adjoint R:CDR : C \to D, then this is unique up to homotopy.

Moreover, even the choice of homotopy is unique, up to ever higher homotopy, i.e. the collection of all right adjoints to LL forms a contractible ∞-groupoid, in the following sense:

Let Func L(C,D),Func R(C,D)Func(C,D)Func^L(C,D), Func^R(C,D) \subset Func(C,D) be the full sub-quasi-categories on the (∞,1)-category of (∞,1)-functors between CC and DD on those functors that are left adjoint and those that are right adjoints, respectively. Then there is a canonical equivalence of quasi-categories

Func L(C,D)Func R(D,C) op Func^L(C,D) \stackrel{\simeq}{\to} Func^R(D,C)^{op}

(to the opposite quasi-category), which takes every left adjoint functor to a corresponding right adjoint.

Proof

This is HTT, prop 5.2.1.3 (also remark 5.2.2.2), and HTT, prop. 5.2.6.2.

The idea is to construct the category of right adjoints as an intersection of full subcategories

Func R(C,D) C D (D C) op Gpd C op×D \array{ Func^R(C,D) &\to& C^D \\ \downarrow & & \downarrow \\ (D^C)^{op} &\to& \infty Gpd^{C^{op} \times D} }

where the inclusions are given by the yoneda embedding. An element of Func R(C,D)Func^R(C,D) corresponds to a functor p:C op×DGpdp : C^{op} \times D \to \infty Gpd for which there exists a pair of functors g:DCg : D \to C and f:CDf : C \to D such that pD(f,)C(,g)p \simeq D(f-,-) \simeq C(-,g-).

Uniqueness of unit and counit

Given functors f:CDf : C \to D and g:DCg : D \to C, we can use the (∞,1)-end to determine compute a chain of equivalences

C C(id,gf) cCC(c,gf(c)) cCGpd D(D(f(c),),C(c,g)) Gpd C op×D(D(f,),C(,g)) \begin{aligned} C^C(id, gf) &\simeq \int_{c \in C} C(c, gf(c)) \\ &\simeq \int_{c \in C} \infty Gpd^D(D(f(c), -), C(c, g-)) \\ &\simeq Gpd^{C^{\op} \times D}(D(f-, -), C(-, g-)) \end{aligned}

dually, we can identify the space of counits as

D D(fg,id)Gpd C op×D(C(,g),D(f,)) D^D(fg, id) \simeq Gpd^{C^{\op} \times D}(C(-, g-), D(f-, -))

So each half of the equivalence D(f,)C(,g)D(f-,-) \simeq C(-,g-) corresponds essentially uniquely to a choice of unit and counit transformation.

Preservation of limits and colimits

Recall that for (LR)(L \dashv R) an ordinary pair of adjoint functors, the fact that LL preserves colimits (and that RR preserves limits) is a formal consequence of

  1. the hom-isomorphism Hom C(L(),)Hom D(,R())Hom_C(L(-),-) \simeq Hom_D(-,R(-));

  2. the fact that Hom C(,):C op×CSetHom_C(-,-) : C^{op} \times C \to Set preserves all limits in both arguments;

  3. the Yoneda lemma, which says that two objects are isomorphic if all homs out of (into them) are.

Using this one computes for all cCc \in C and diagram d:IDd : I \to D

Hom C(L(lim d i),c) Hom D(lim d i,R(c)) lim Hom D(d i,R(c)) lim Hom C(L(d i),c) Hom C(lim L(d i),c), \begin{aligned} Hom_C(L(\lim_{\to} d_i), c) & \simeq Hom_D(\lim_\to d_i, R(c)) \\ & \simeq \lim_{\leftarrow} Hom_D(d_i, R(c)) \\ & \simeq \lim_{\leftarrow} Hom_C(L(d_i), c) \\ & \simeq Hom_C(\lim_{\to} L(d_i), c) \,, \end{aligned}

which implies that L(lim d i)lim L(d i)L(\lim_\to d_i) \simeq \lim_\to L(d_i).

Now to see this in (,1)(\infty,1)-category theory (…) HTT Proposition 5.2.3.5

Adjunctions on homotopy categories

Proposition

For (LR):CD(L \dashv R) : C \stackrel{\leftarrow}{\to} D an (,1)(\infty,1)-adjunction, its image under decategorifying to homotopy categories is a pair of ordinary adjoint functors

(Ho(L)Ho(R)):Ho(C)Ho(D). (Ho(L) \dashv Ho(R)) : Ho(C) \stackrel{\leftarrow}{\to} Ho(D) \,.
Proof

This is HTT, prop 5.2.2.9.

This follows from that fact that for ϵ:Id CRL\epsilon : Id_C \to R \circ L a unit of the (,1)(\infty,1)-adjunction, its image Ho(ϵ)Ho(\epsilon) is a unit for an ordinary adjunction.

Remark

The converse statement is in general false. A near converse is given by HTT, prop 5.2.2.12 if one instead considers HoHo-enriched homotopy categories: if Ho(L)Ho(L) has a right adjoint, then so does LL.

It is important to consider the HoHo-enriched homotopy category rather than the ordinary one. For a counterexample, when HoHo is considered as an ordinary category, π 0:HoSet\pi_0 : Ho \to Set is both left and right adjoint to the inclusion SetHoSet \subseteq Ho. However, π 0:GpdSet\pi_0 : \infty Gpd \to Set does not have a left adjoint.

One way to find that an ordinary adjunction of homotopy categories lifts to an (,1)(\infty,1)-adjunction is to exhibit it as a Quillen adjunction between simplicial model category-structures. This is discussed in the Examples-section Simplicial and derived adjunction below.

Full and faithful adjoints

As for ordinary adjoint functors we have the following relations between full and faithful adjoints and idempotent monads.

Proposition

Given an (,1)(\infty,1)-adjunction (LR):CD(L \dashv R) : C \to D

Lurie, prop. 5.2.7.4, See also top of p. 308.

Slicing of adjoint functors

Proposition

(sliced adjoints)
Let

𝒟RL𝒞 \mathcal{D} \underoverset {\underset{\;\;\;\;R\;\;\;\;}{\longrightarrow}} {\overset{\;\;\;\;L\;\;\;\;}{\longleftarrow}} {\bot} \mathcal{C}

be a pair of adjoint functors (adjoint ∞-functors), where the category (∞-category) 𝒞\mathcal{C} has all pullbacks (homotopy pullbacks).

Then:

  1. For every object b𝒞b \in \mathcal{C} there is induced a pair of adjoint functors between the slice categories (slice ∞-categories) of the form

    (1)𝒟 /L(b)R /bL /b𝒞 /b, \mathcal{D}_{/L(b)} \underoverset {\underset{\;\;\;\;R_{/b}\;\;\;\;}{\longrightarrow}} {\overset{\;\;\;\;L_{/b}\;\;\;\;}{\longleftarrow}} {\bot} \mathcal{C}_{/b} \mathrlap{\,,}

    where:

    • L /bL_{/b} is the evident induced functor (applying LL to the entire triangle diagrams in 𝒞\mathcal{C} which represent the morphisms in 𝒞 /b\mathcal{C}_{/b});

    • R /bR_{/b} is the composite

      R /b:𝒟 /L(b)R𝒞 /(RL(b))(η b) *𝒞 /b R_{/b} \;\colon\; \mathcal{D}_{/{L(b)}} \overset{\;\;R\;\;}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{C}_{/{(R \circ L(b))}} \overset{\;\;(\eta_{b})^*\;\;}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{C}_{/b}

      of

      1. the evident functor induced by RR;

      2. the (homotopy) pullback along the (LR)(L \dashv R)-unit at bb (i.e. the base change along η b\eta_b).

  2. For every object b𝒟b \in \mathcal{D} there is induced a pair of adjoint functors between the slice categories of the form

    (2)𝒟 /bR /bL /b𝒞 /R(b), \mathcal{D}_{/b} \underoverset {\underset{\;\;\;\;R_{/b}\;\;\;\;}{\longrightarrow}} {\overset{\;\;\;\;L_{/b}\;\;\;\;}{\longleftarrow}} {\bot} \mathcal{C}_{/R(b)} \mathrlap{\,,}

    where:

    • R /bR_{/b} is the evident induced functor (applying RR to the entire triangle diagrams in 𝒟\mathcal{D} which represent the morphisms in 𝒟 /b\mathcal{D}_{/b});

    • L /bL_{/b} is the composite

      L /b:𝒟 /R(b)L𝒞 /(LR(b))(ϵ b) !𝒞 /b L_{/b} \;\colon\; \mathcal{D}_{/{R(b)}} \overset{\;\;L\;\;}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{C}_{/{(L \circ R(b))}} \overset{\;\;(\epsilon_{b})_!\;\;}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{C}_{/b}

      of

      1. the evident functor induced by LL;

      2. the composition with the (LR)(L \dashv R)-counit at bb (i.e. the left base change along ϵ b\epsilon_b).

The first statement appears, in the generality of (∞,1)-category theory, as HTT, prop. 5.2.5.1. For discussion in model category theory see at sliced Quillen adjunctions.
Proof

(in 1-category theory)

Recall that (this Prop.) the hom-isomorphism that defines an adjunction of functors (this Def.) is equivalently given in terms of composition with

  • the adjunction unit η c:cRL(c)\;\;\eta_c \colon c \xrightarrow{\;} R \circ L(c)

  • the adjunction counit ϵ d:LR(d)d\;\;\epsilon_d \colon L \circ R(d) \xrightarrow{\;} d

as follows:

Using this, consider the following transformations of morphisms in slice categories, for the first case:

(1a)

(2a)

(2b)

(1b)

Here:

  • (1a) and (1b) are equivalent expressions of the same morphism ff in 𝒟 /L(b)\mathcal{D}_{/L(b)}, by (at the top of the diagrams) the above expression of adjuncts between 𝒞\mathcal{C} and 𝒟\mathcal{D} and (at the bottom) by the triangle identity.

  • (2a) and (2b) are equivalent expression of the same morphism f˜\tilde f in 𝒞 /b\mathcal{C}_{/b}, by the universal property of the pullback.

Hence:

  • starting with a morphism as in (1a) and transforming it to (2)(2) and then to (1b) is the identity operation;

  • starting with a morphism as in (2b) and transforming it to (1) and then to (2a) is the identity operation.

In conclusion, the transformations (1) \leftrightarrow (2) consitute a hom-isomorphism that witnesses an adjunction of the first claimed form (1).


The second case follows analogously, but a little more directly since no pullback is involved:

(1a)

(2)

(1b)

In conclusion, the transformations (1) \leftrightarrow (2) consitute a hom-isomorphism that witnesses an adjunction of the second claimed form (2).

Remark

(left adjoint of sliced adjunction forms adjuncts)
The sliced adjunction (Prop. ) in the second form (2) is such that the sliced left adjoint sends slicing morphism τ\tau to their adjuncts τ˜\widetilde{\tau}, in that (again by this Prop.):

L /d(c τ R(b))=(L(c) τ˜ b)𝒟 /b L_{/d} \, \left( \array{ c \\ \big\downarrow {}^{\mathrlap{\tau}} \\ R(b) } \right) \;\; = \;\; \left( \array{ L(c) \\ \big\downarrow {}^{\mathrlap{\widetilde{\tau}}} \\ b } \right) \;\;\; \in \; \mathcal{D}_{/b}

The two adjunctions in admit the following joint generalisation, which is proven HTT, lem. 5.2.5.2. (Note that the statement there is even more general and here we only use the case where K=Δ 0K = \Delta^0.)

Proposition

(sliced adjoints)
Let

𝒞RL𝒟 \mathcal{C} \underoverset {\underset{\;\;\;\;R\;\;\;\;}{\longleftarrow}} {\overset{\;\;\;\;L\;\;\;\;}{\longrightarrow}} {\bot} \mathcal{D}

be a pair of adjoint ∞-functors, where the ∞-category 𝒞\mathcal{C} has all homotopy pullbacks. Suppose further we are given objects c𝒞c \in \mathcal{C} and d𝒟d \in \mathcal{D} together with a morphism α:cR(d)\alpha: c \to R(d) and its adjunct β:L(c)d\beta:L(c) \to d.

Then there is an induced a pair of adjoint ∞-functors between the slice ∞-categories of the form

(3)𝒞 /cR /bL /b𝒟 /d, \mathcal{C}_{/c} \underoverset {\underset{\;\;\;\;R_{/b}\;\;\;\;}{\longleftarrow}} {\overset{\;\;\;\;L_{/b}\;\;\;\;}{\longrightarrow}} {\bot} \mathcal{D}_{/d} \mathrlap{\,,}

where:

  • L /cL_{/c} is the composite

    L /c:𝒞 /cL𝒟 /L(c)β !𝒟 /d L_{/c} \;\colon\; \mathcal{C}_{/{c}} \overset{\;\;L\;\;}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{D}_{/{L(c)}} \overset{\;\;\beta_!\;\;}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{D}_{/d}

    of

    1. the evident functor induced by LL;

    2. the composition with β:L(c)d\beta:L(c) \to d (i.e. the left base change along β\beta).

  • R /dR_{/d} is the composite

    R /d:𝒟 /dR𝒞 /R(d)(α *𝒞 /c R_{/d} \;\colon\; \mathcal{D}_{/{d}} \overset{\;\;R\;\;}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{C}_{/{R(d)}} \overset{\;\;(\alpha^*\;\;}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{C}_{/c}

    of

    1. the evident functor induced by RR;

    2. the homotopy along α:cR(d)\alpha:c \to R(d) (i.e. the base change along α\alpha).

In terms of universal arrows

Proposition

An (,1)(\infty,1)-functor G:DCG:D\to C admits a left adjoint if and only if for each XCX\in C, the comma (infinity,1)-category? (XG)(X \downarrow G) has an initial object, i.e. every object XCX\in C admits a universal arrow XGFXX\to G F X to GG.

This is stated explicitly as Riehl-Verity, Corollary 16.2.7, and can be extracted with some work from HTT, Proposition 5.2.4.2.

Preservation by exponentiation

Proposition

Let f:CDf : C \to D be left adjoint to g:DCg : D \to C. Then for any AA, f Af^A is left adjoint to g Ag^A and A gA^g is left adjoint to A fA^f.

Proof

Let η:id Cgf\eta : id_C \Rightarrow gf be a unit transformation. The property of being a unit transformation can be detected at the level of enriched homotopy categories, so A η:id A CA fA gA^\eta: id_{A^C} \Rightarrow A^f A^g and η A:id C Ag Af A\eta^A : id_{C^A} \Rightarrow g^A f^A are also unit transformations.

Category of adjunctions

The functorality of adjunctions can be organized into the existence of two wide subcategories LAdj(,1)CatLAdj \subseteq (\infty,1)Cat and RAdj(,1)CatRAdj \subseteq (\infty,1)Cat whose functors are the left adjoints and the right adjoints respectively.

We can then define the functor categories

  • Func L:LAdj op×LAdj(,1)CatFunc^L : LAdj^{op} \times LAdj \to (\infty,1)Cat is defined by taking Func L(C,D)Func(C,D)Func^L(C,D) \subseteq Func(C, D) to be the full subcategory spanned by LAdj(C,D)LAdj(C, D).

  • Func R:RAdj op×RAdj(,1)CatFunc^R : RAdj^{op} \times RAdj \to (\infty,1)Cat is defined by taking Func R(C,D)Func(C,D)Func^R(C,D) \subseteq Func(C, D) to be the full subcategory spanned by RAdj(C,D)RAdj(C, D).

Lurie defines an adjunction to be a functor X[1]X \to [1] that is both a cartesian and a cocartesian fibration. We can generalize this to

Definition

A functor p:XSp : X \to S is an adjunct fibration iff it is both a cartesian fibration and a cocartesian fibration

By the (∞,1)-Grothendieck construction construction, adjunct fibrations over SS correspond to category-valued functors on SS that send arrows of SS to adjoint pairs of categories.

Lemma

For a functor p:XSp : X \to S of (∞,1)-categories with small fibers.

  • If pp is a cartesian fibration classified by χ:S op(,1)Cat\chi : S^\op \to (\infty,1)Cat, χ\chi factors through RAdjRAdj iff pp is an adjunct fibration

  • If pp is a cocartesian fibration classified by χ:S(,1)Cat\chi : S \to (\infty,1)Cat, χ\chi factors through LAdjLAdj iff pp is an adjunct fibration

Proof

This is a restatement of HTT, corr. 5.2.2.5.

Lemma

There are anti-equivalences ladj:RAdj opLAdjladj \,\colon\, RAdj^{op} \to LAdj and radj:LAdj opRAdjradj \,\colon\, LAdj^{op} \to RAdj that are the identity on objects and the action on homspaces LAdj(C,D)RAdj(D,C)LAdj(C, D) \simeq RAdj(D,C) is the equivalence sending a functor to its adjoint.

Proof

By the covariant Grothendieck construction, for any (∞,1)-category C, Map(C,LAdj)Map(C, LAdj) can be identified with the ∞-groupoid of (,1)Cat^ /C(\infty,1)\widehat{Cat}_{/C} spanned by adjunct fibrations over CC with small fibers and all equivalences between them. The same is true of Map(C op,RAdj)Map(C^{\op}, RAdj).

Since the Grothendieck construction is natural in the base category, we obtain the asserted equivalence between LAdjLAdj and RAdj opRAdj^{op}. Taking C=[1]C = [1], this establishes the correspondence between an adjunction and its associated adjoint pair of functors.

As discussed at Uniqueness of Adjoints, this anti-equivalence extends to the (∞,2)-enrichment, in the sense they induce anti-equivalences radj:Func L(C,D) opFunc R(D,C)radj : Func^L(C, D)^{op} \to Func^R(D, C) and ladj:Func R(C,D) opFunc L(D,C)ladj : Func^R(C, D)^{op} \to Func^L(D, C).

The preservation of adjunctions by products and exponentials implies

Lemma

The product and exponential on (,1)Cat(\infty,1)Cat restrict to functors

  • ×:LAdj×LAdjLAdj- \times - : LAdj \times LAdj \to LAdj and ×:RAdj×RAdjRAdj- \times - : RAdj \times RAdj \to RAdj
  • Func(,):RAdj op×LAdjLAdjFunc(-,-) : RAdj^{op} \times LAdj \to LAdj and Func(,):LAdj op×RAdjRAdjFunc(-,-) : LAdj^{op} \times RAdj \to RAdj

Examples

A large class of examples of (,1)(\infty,1)-adjunctions arises from Quillen adjunctions of model categories, or adjunctions in sSet-enriched category theory.

Quillen adjunctions

Any Quillen adjunction induces an adjunction of (infinity,1)-categories on the simplicial localizations. See Hinich 14 or Mazel-Gee 15.

Simplicial and derived adjunctions

We want to produce Cartesian/coCartesian fibration KΔ[1]K \to \Delta[1] from a given sSet-enriched adjunction. For that first consider the following characterization

Lemma

Let KK be a simplicially enriched category whose hom-objects are all Kan complexes, regard the interval category Δ[1]:={01}\Delta[1] := \{0 \to 1\} as an sSetsSet-category in the obvious way using the embedding const:SetsSetconst : Set \hookrightarrow sSet and consider an sSetsSet-enriched functor KΔ[1]K \to \Delta[1]. Let C:=K 0C := K_0 and D:=K 1D := K_1 be the sSetsSet-enriched categories that are the fibers of this. Then under the homotopy coherent nerve N:sSetCatsSetN : sSet Cat \to sSet the morphism

N(p):N(K)Δ[1] N(p) : N(K) \to \Delta[1]

is a Cartesian fibration precisely if for all objects dDd \in D there exists a morphism f:cdf : c \to d in KK such that postcomposition with this morphism

C(c,f):C(c,c)=K(c,c)K(c,d) C(c',f ) : C(c',c) = K(c',c) \to K(c',d)

is a homotopy equivalence of Kan complexes for all objects cCc' \in C'.

This appears as HTT, prop. 5.2.2.4.

Proof

The statement follows from the characterization of Cartesian morphisms under homotopy coherent nerves (HTT, prop. 2.4.1.10), which says that for an sSetsSet-enriched functor p:CDp : C \to D between Kan-complex enriched categories that is hom-object-wise a Kan fibration, a morphim f:ccf : c' \to c'' in CC is an N(p)N(p)-Cartesian morphism if for all objects cCc \in C the diagram

C(c,c) C(c,f) C(c,c) p c,c p c,c D(p(c),p(c)) D(p(c),p(f)) D(p(c),p(c)) \array{ C(c,c') &\stackrel{C(c,f)}{\to}& C(c,c'') \\ \downarrow^{\mathrlap{p_{c,c'}}} && \downarrow^{\mathrlap{p_{c,c''}}} \\ D(p(c),p(c')) &\stackrel{D(p(c),p(f))}{\to}& D(p(c), p(c'')) }

is a homotopy pullback in the model structure on sSet-categories.

For the case under consideration the functor in question is p:KΔ[1]p : K \to \Delta[1] and the above diagram becomes

K(c,c) K(c,f) K(c,c) * *. \array{ K(c,c') &\stackrel{K(c,f)}{\to}& K(c,c'') \\ \downarrow && \downarrow \\ * &\to& * } \,.

This is clearly a homotopy pullback precisely if the top morphism is an equivalence.

Using this, we get the following.

Proposition

For CC and DD sSet-enriched categories whose hom-objects are all Kan complexes, the image

N(C)N(R)N(L)N(D) N(C) \underoverset {\underset{N(R)}{\longleftarrow}} {\overset{N(L)}{\longrightarrow}} {\bot} N(D)

under the homotopy coherent nerve of an sSet-enriched adjunction between sSetsSet-enriched categories

CRLD C \stackrel{\overset{L}{\to}}{\underset{R}{\leftarrow}} D

is an adjunction of quasi-categories.

Moreover, if CC and DD are equipped with the structure of a simplicial model category then the quasi-categorically derived functors

N(C )RLN(D ) N(C^\circ) \stackrel{\overset{L}{\to}}{\underset{R}{\leftarrow}} N(D^\circ)

form an adjunction of quasi-categories.

Proof

The first part is HTT, cor. 5.2.4.5, the second HTT, prop. 5.2.4.6.

To get the first part, let KK be the sSetsSet-category which is the join of CC and DD: its set of objects is the disjoint union of the sets of objects of CC and DD, and the hom-objects are

  • for c,cCc,c' \in C: K(c,c):=C(c,c)K(c,c') := C(c,c');

  • for d,dDd,d' \in D: K(d,d):=D(d,d)K(d,d') := D(d,d');

  • for cCc \in C and dDd \in D: K(c,d):=C(L(c),d)=D(c,R(d))K(c,d) := C(L(c),d) = D(c,R(d));

    and

    K(d,c)=K(d,c) = \emptyset

and equipped with the evident composition operation.

Then for every dDd \in D there is the morphism Id R(d)K(R(d),d)Id_{R(d)} \in K(R(d),d), composition with which induced an isomorphism and hence an equivalence. Therefore the conditions of the above lemma are satisfied and hence N(K)Δ[1]N(K) \to \Delta[1] is a Cartesian fibration.

By the analogous dual argument, we find that it is also a coCartesian fibration and hence an adjunction.

For the second statement, we need to refine the above argument just slightly to pass to the full sSetsSet-subcategories on fibrant cofibrant objects:

let KK be as before and let K K^\circ be the full sSetsSet-subcategory on objects that are fibrant-cofibrant (in CC or in DD, respectively). Then for any fibrant cofibrant dDd \in D, we cannot just use the identity morphism Id R(d)K(R(d),d)Id_{R(d)} \in K(R(d),d) since the right Quillen functor RR is only guaranteed to respect fibrations, not cofibrations, and so R(d)R(d) might not be in K K^\circ. But we can use the small object argument to obtain a functorial cofibrant replacement functor Q:CCQ : C \to C, such that Q(R(d))Q(R(d)) is cofibrant and there is an acyclic fibration Q(R(d))R(d)Q(R(d)) \to R(d). Take this to be the morphism in K(Q(R(d)),d)K(Q(R(d)), d) that we pick for a given dd. Then this does induce a homotopy equivalence

C(c,Q(R(d)))C(c,R(d))=K(c,d) C(c', Q(R(d))) \to C(c',R(d)) = K(c',d)

because in an enriched model category the enriched hom out of a cofibrant object preserves weak equivalences between fibrant objects.

Localizations

A pair of adjoint (,1)(\infty,1)-functors (LR):CD(L \dashv R) : C \stackrel{\leftarrow}{\hookrightarrow} D where RR is a full and faithful (∞,1)-functor exhibits CC as a reflective (∞,1)-subcategory of DD. This subcategory and the composite RL:DDR \circ L : D \to D are a localization of DD.

References

The suggestion that a pair of adjoint \infty-functors should just be an adjunction in the homotopy 2-category of \infty -categories was originally stated, briefly, in:

The definition as an isofibration of quasicategories over Δ[1]\Delta[1] is due to:

The original suggestion of Joyal 2008 was then much expanded on (and generalized to ∞-cosmoi), in the spirit of formal \infty -category theory:

That the two definitions (of Joyal 2008 and Lurie 2009) are in fact equivalent is first indicated in Riehl-Verity 15, Rem. 4.4.5 and then made fully explicit in:

A proof that a Quillen adjunction of model categories induces an adjunction between (∞,1)-categories (in the sense of Lurie 2009) is recorded in:

and also in

Last revised on August 21, 2023 at 13:44:34. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.