nLab pure state

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Contents

Context

Measure and probability theory

Functional analysis

Algebraic Quantum Field Theory

algebraic quantum field theory (perturbative, on curved spacetimes, homotopical)

Introduction

Concepts

field theory:

Lagrangian field theory

quantization

quantum mechanical system, quantum probability

free field quantization

gauge theories

interacting field quantization

renormalization

Theorems

States and observables

Operator algebra

Local QFT

Perturbative QFT

Contents

Idea

A pure state is a state on a star-algebra which is an extremal point in the convex set of all states.

In physics, recall that a state of a physical system is (in the Bayesian interpretation) a specification of the information that one might have about the system (typically relative to some fixed background information). States form (at least) a poset where ψϕ\psi \leq \phi means that ϕ\phi contains all of the information of ψ\psi (and possibly more). A pure state is a maximal element of this poset: a state that specifies as much information as possible about the system. A mixed state is a state that is not pure.

Definitions

Fairly generally, a physical system has a complex C*-algebra 𝒜\mathcal{A} of observables (or more generally a unital star algebra) and a state is a positive-semidefinite linear function ρ:𝒜\rho\colon \mathcal{A} \to \mathbb{C} such that ρ(1)=1\rho(1) = 1. We might write ρ\rho as a convex-linear combination of two other states:

(1)ρ=aσ+bτ, \rho = a \sigma + b \tau ,

where necessarily 0a,b10 \leq a, b \leq 1 and a+b=1a + b = 1.

The state ρ\rho is pure if, whenever (1) holds for στ\sigma \neq \tau, then either a=0a = 0 (hence b=1b = 1 and ρ=τ\rho = \tau) or a=1a = 1 (hence b=0b = 0 and ρ=σ\rho = \sigma); conversely, ρ\rho is mixed if we ever have (1) for στ\sigma \neq \tau and 0<a<10 \lt a \lt 1 (hence 0<b<10 \lt b \lt 1 and ρσ,τ\rho \neq \sigma, \tau).

Really, this definition makes sense as long as the states form a convex space.

To define when one state gives at least as much information as another (the partial order from the Idea section), let ρσ\rho \leq \sigma mean that the mutual information? I(ρ,σ)I(\rho,\sigma) equals the entropy H(ρ)H(\rho), or equivalently that the conditional entropy? H(ρ|σ)H(\rho|\sigma) is zero. (In the classical case, this partial order is attributed to Shannon (1953), which I have not read, by Li & Chong (2011), which I have only skimmed.) The maximal elements under this partial order should be precisely the pure states, but the direct definition of pure states is much simpler.

I need to check whether these are equivalent on any C *C^*-algebra. —Toby

Special cases

If AA is the algebra of continuous complex-valued functions on some compactum XX, then the pure states on AA correspond precisely to the points in XX; so pure states here are the states of classical mechanics (at least for a compact phase space). The mixed states, however, correspond more generally to Radon probability measures on XX, with the pure states as the Dirac delta measures.

On the other hand, if AA is the algebra of all bounded operators on some Hilbert space HH, then the pure states on AA correspond precisely to the rays in HH, as is usual in quantum mechanics. The mixed states, however, correspond more generally to density matrices on HH, with the pure states those matrices of the form |ψψ|{|\psi\rangle}{\langle\psi|} for some unit vector |ψ{|\psi\rangle}.

Classical versus quantum

In any case, a pure state is a state of maximal information, while a mixed state is a state with less than maximal information. In the classical case, we may say that a pure state is a state of complete information, but this does not work in the quantum case; from the perspective of the information-theoretic or Bayesian interpretation of quantum physics, this inability to have complete information, even when having maximal information, is the key feature of quantum physics that distinguishes it from classical physics.

quantum probability theoryobservables and states

References

For comprehensive references see those at

Textbook accounts:

  • Klaas Landsman, Sections 1.3 and 2.3 of: Foundations of quantum theory – From classical concepts to Operator algebras, Springer Open 2017 (pdf)

See also:

Not really references on this subject, but ones referred to in the text:

  • Claude Shannon, The lattice theory of information, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 1, 105–107 (1953)

  • Hua Li and Edwin Chong, On a connection between information and group lattices, Entropy 13, 683–708 (2011) (mdpi:1099-4300/13/3/683)

Last revised on October 17, 2022 at 18:39:18. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.