Homotopy Type Theory UMyn8W7b (Rev #66)

Euclidean semirings

Given a additively cancellative commutative semiring $R$, a term $e:R$ is left cancellative if for all $a:R$ and $b:R$, $e \cdot a = e \cdot b$ implies $a = b$.

A term $e:R$ is right cancellative if for all $a:R$ and $b:R$, $a \cdot e = b \cdot e$ implies $a = b$.

An term $e:R$ is cancellative if it is both left cancellative and right cancellative.

The multiplicative submonoid of cancellative elements in $R$ is the subset of all cancellative elements in $R$

A Euclidean semiring is a additively cancellative commutative semiring $R$ for which there exists a function $d \colon \mathrm{Can}(R) \to \mathbb{N}$ from the multiplicative submonoid of cancellative elements in $R$ to the natural numbers, often called a degree function, a function $(-)\div(-):R \times \mathrm{Can}(R) \to R$ called the division function, and a function $(-)\;\%\;(-):R \times \mathrm{Can}(R) \to R$ called the remainder function, such that for all $a \in R$ and $b \in \mathrm{Can}(R)$, $a = (a \div b) \cdot b + (a\;\%\; b)$ and either $a\;\%\; b = 0$ or $d(a\;\%\; b) \lt d(g)$.

Non-cancellative and non-invertible elements

Given a ring $R$, an element $x \in R$ is non-cancellative if: if there is an element $y \in \mathrm{Can}(R)$ with injection $i:\mathrm{Can}(R) \to R$ such that $i(y) = x$, then $0 = 1$. An element $x \in R$ is non-invertible if: if there is an element $y \in R^\times$ with injection $j:R^\times \to R$ such that $j(y) = x$, then $0 = 1$.

Commutative rings

Commutative $\mathbb{Q}$-algebras

A commutative ring $R$ is a commutative $\mathbb{Q}$-algebra if there is a commutative ring homomorphism $h:\mathbb{Q} \to R$.

Totally ordered commutative rings

A commutative ring $R$ is a totally ordered commutative ring if it comes with a function $\max:R \times R \to R$ such that

• for all elements $a:R$, $\max(a, a) = a$

• for all elements $a:R$ and $b:R$, $\max(a, b) = \max(b, a)$

• for all elements $a:R$, $b:R$, and $c:R$, $\max(a, \max(b, c)) = \max(\max(a, b), c)$

• for all elements $a:R$ and $b:R$, $\max(a, b) = b$ implies that for all elements $c:R$, $\max(a + c, b + c) = b + c$

• for all elements $a:R$ and $b:R$, $\max(a, 0) = a$ and $\max(b, 0) = b$ implies $\max(a \cdot b, 0) = a \cdot b$

• for all elements $a:R$ and $b:R$, $\max(a, b) = a$ or $\max(a, b) = b$

Totally ordered commutative $\mathbb{Q}$-algebras

Given totally ordered commutative rings $R$ and $S$, a commutative ring homomorphism $h:R \to S$ is monotonic if for all $a:R$ and $b:R$, $\max(h(a), h(b)) = h(\max(a, b))$.

A totally ordered commutative ring $R$ is a totally ordered commutative $\mathbb{Q}$-algebra if there is a monotonic commutative ring homomorphism $h:\mathbb{Q} \to R$.

Strictly ordered integral ring

A totally ordered commutative ring $R$ is a strictly ordered integral ring if it comes with a strict order $\lt$ such that

• $0 \lt 1$
• for all elements $a:R$ and $b:R$, if $0 \lt a$ and $0 \lt b$, then $0 \lt a + b$
• for all elements $a:R$ and $b:R$, if $0 \lt a$ and $0 \lt b$, then $0 \lt a \cdot b$
• for all elements $a:R$ and $b:R$, if $0 \lt \max(a, -a)$ and $0 \lt \max(b, -b)$, then $0 \lt \max(a \cdot b, -a \cdot b)$

Strictly ordered integral $\mathbb{Q}$-algebras

Given strictly ordered integral rings $R$ and $S$, a monotonic commutative ring homomorphism $h:R \to S$ is strictly monotonic if for all $a:R$ and $b:R$, $a \lt b$ implies $h(a) \lt h(b)$.

A strictly ordered integral ring $R$ is a strictly ordered integral $\mathbb{Q}$-algebra if there is a strictly monotonic commutative ring homomorphism $h:\mathbb{Q} \to R$.

Archimedean ordered integral $\mathbb{Q}$-algebras

A strictly ordered integral $\mathbb{Q}$-algebra $A$ is an Archimedean ordered integral $\mathbb{Q}$-algebra if for all elements $a:A$ and $b:A$, if $a \lt b$, then there merely exists a rational number $q:\mathbb{Q}$ such that $a \lt h(q)$ and $h(q) \lt b$.

Sequentially Cauchy complete Archimedean ordered integral $\mathbb{Q}$-algebra

Let $A$ be an Archimedean ordered integral $\mathbb{Q}$-algebra and let

be the positive elements in $A$. $A$ is sequentially Cauchy complete if every Cauchy sequence in $A$ converges:

Modules

Given a commutative ring $R$, an $R$-module is an abelian group $M$ with an abelian group homomorphism $\alpha:R \to (M \to M)$ which is also a curried action.

The free $R$-module on a set $S$ is the initial $R$-module $M$ with a function $\iota:S \to M$.

$A_n$ abelian groups

$A_1$-abelian groups are pointed objects in abelian groups

$A_2$-abelian groups are unital magma objects in abelian groups

$A_3$-abelian groups are monoid objects in abelian groups

References

• Univalent Foundations Project, Homotopy Type Theory – Univalent Foundations of Mathematics (2013)