# Deterministic automata

## Definitions

(For the moment, mostly as an example of a coalgebra for an endofunctor.)

This will give the classical definition as a state-based system and then show how to turn that form into the coalgebraic form. The point is that other coalgebras should then be easier to interpret.

###### Definition

A deterministic automaton consists of the following data:

• a set of states, $Q$;

• a set, $\Sigma$, of inputs ;

• a function, $\delta : Q\times \Sigma \to Q$, called the next state function,

and

• a predicate, $final : Q \to bool = \{\bot, \top\}$, the boolean domain.

In the usual interpretation if the automaton is in state $q$, and is ‘given’ the input $\sigma$, then it changes to being in state $\delta(q,\sigma)$.

The ‘final’ predicate, of course, returns $\top$ if a state is a final state and $\bot$ otherwise. (There will, in general, be a set of final or ‘accept’ states.)

(For the moment we will not look in any detail at the links between automata and languages.)

## Currying $\delta$

The first step in transforming this to the coalgebraic form is to curry $\delta$, so as to obtain it in the form $\delta : Q\to Q^\Sigma$. We thus have for a state, $q\in Q$, $\delta(q,) : \Sigma \to Q$. We then also have a product function

$\alpha = \delta \times (final) : Q \to Q^\Sigma\times bool.$

If we now write $HQ = Q^\Sigma\times bool$, we get a functor (for you to check) $H : Set \to Set$ and the deterministic automaton corresponded precisely to a coalgebra, $(Q,\alpha)$, for $H$.

## … and the morphisms?

Rather than start with a classically defined morphism of automata, we will take a morphism $f : (Q,\alpha)\to (Q',\alpha')$ of coalgebras. We thus have that $f : Q\to Q'$ is a mapping of states, and that $\alpha'\circ f = H(f)\circ \alpha$. Now let $q\in Q$ and $\sigma\in \Sigma$, then the equation tells us that $\delta'(f(q),\sigma) = f(\delta(q,\sigma)$ and that the final states of $Q$ are mapped onto those of $Q'$. In other words the concept of morphism of these $H$-coalgebras is precisely that of functional simulation of deterministic automata.

## Terminal coalgebra

The terminal coalgebra, $(T,\alpha_T)$, for this endofunctor is neat. It has state space, $T = \mathcal{P}(\Sigma^*)$, the power set of the free monoid/ Kleene star of the set of ‘symbol labels’. This power set is precisely the set of all languages over the alphabet $\Sigma$, as a language is defined to be a subset of $\Sigma^*$.

The next state function for $(T,\alpha_T)$ is defined by $\delta_T(L,s) = \{w\in \Sigma^* |sw \in L\}$.

## References

For a summary of automata theory , look at the Wikipedia.

For a thorough treatment, see

or other texts on the subject.

For the coalgebraic treatment, this is discussed in:

• A. Kurz: Coalgebras and Modal Logic. Course Notes for ESSLLI 2001, Version of October 2001. Appeared on the CD-Rom ESSLLI’01, Department of Philosophy, University of Helsinki, Finland, available from site.

category: computer science

Revised on September 7, 2012 15:49:26 by Tim Porter (95.147.237.101)