In this exposition we will follow the book listed below in writing crossed modules with operations on the right. Thus a crossed module is in the first instance a morphism of groups together with an operation of the group on the right of the group written , satisfying the following two axioms:
CM1) ;
CM2) ;
for all .
The notion of free crossed module was developed by J.H.C. Whitehead in the period 1941-1949 to model algebraically the structure of the second relative homotopy group of an adjunction space considered as a crossed module over . This work is also related to independent work of Peiffer and Reidemeister on Identities among relations.
It can also be considered as arising from the notion of a resolution for a group, by analogy with resolutions for modules, but in a nonabelian framework. So in combinatorial group theory we consider a presentation of a group . Thus is a set of generators of the group and is a set of relators, that is, is a subset of , the free group on the set . So we have an epimorphism with kernel , say, a normal subgroup of , and is the normal closure of in . All this reflect the fact that if , where , then for all .
Let , and write for the normal closure of the set in . The elements of are all consequences of in , namely all products
where , , and , and . An important point is that if is any morphism of groups such that , then , since Ker is normal. Thus factors as where the first morphism is the quotient morphism.
It is also convenient to allow for repeated relators, which, as we shall see, corresponds to attaching several cells by the same map. So we replace the subset of by a function .
We now drop the assumption that is free. We form the free -group on the set : this is the free group on elements , and has an action of the group determined by . There is a morphism of groups given by . Then is a -morphism: for all .
We now define for the Peiffer commutator to be the element
Note that . It may be proved that the Peiffer commutators generate a normal subgroup called the Peiffer group of , and written . The quotient group is written and there is an induced morphism
with image . This construction is called the free crossed module on . The kernel of is actually a -module, and is called the module of identities among relations.
A useful fact is that this free crossed module may also be described as the pushout in the category of crossed modules
where the morphism of groups is given by , the class of in . This shows the relevance of a Seifert-Van Kampen Theorem for second relative homotopy groups, since the above pushout comes from applying the fundamental crossed module functor on based pairs given by
to the pushout of pairs of spaces defining the based pair . This theorem also shows that we can generalise this situation to a pushout of crossed modules
where is now any group; the crossed module then gives the fundamental crossed module of the pair determined by a map and where . Note that arises in a pushout diagram of the form
This generalisation of Whitehead’s theorem on free crossed modules was discovered as a consequence of the 2-dimensional Seifert-van Kampen Theorem. It has been used to give explicit computations of the crossed module in the case the map is the map of classifying spaces induced by a morphism of groups. It may also be proved that if are finite groups, so also is the group . This gives impetus to calculations, and some of these are best done with a computer.
For more information on these topics see Part I of the book on “Nonabelian algebraic topology” listed below.
It is convenient to generalise the above to crossed modules over groupoids, to model the situation of attaching cells at different points. So we assume given where are groupoids, is the identity on objects, is a union of groups and the operation of on is such that if , then , with the obvious axioms.
Whitehead, J. H.~C., “Combinatorial homotopy. II”. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949) 453–496.
Brown, R. and Higgins, P.J., “On the connection between the second relative homotopy groups of some related spaces”, Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 36 (1978) 193–212.
R. Brown, P.J. Higgins, R. Sivera, Nonabelian algebraic topology: filtered spaces, crossed complexes, cubical homotopy groupoids, EMS Tracts in Mathematics Vol. 15, 703 pages. (August 2011).
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