Multisets

# Multisets

## Idea

A multiset is like a set, just allowing that the elements have multiplicities. Thus the multiset $\{1,1,2\}$ differs from the multiset $\{1,2\}$, while $\{1,2,1\}$ is the same as $\{1,1,2\}$. Multisets are useful in combinatorics. See wikipedia.

## Definitions

While it is possible to take multisets as a fundamental concept in foundations, it is more common to define them in terms of sets and functions.

A multiset $\mathcal{X} = \langle X,\mu_X\rangle$,can be defined as a set $X$ (its underlying set) together with a function $\mu_X$ (giving each element its multiplicity) from $X$ to a class of nonzero cardinal numbers. A multiset is locally finite if multiplicity takes values in the natural numbers. Many authors take all multisets to be locally finite; that is the default in combinatorics. The multiset is finite if it is locally finite and $X$ is a finite set. We can also define a multiset to be a function from the proper class of all objects to the class of all cardinal numbers, with the proviso that the objects whose multiplicity is nonzero form a set (the set $X$ above).

If we are only interested in multisets with elements drawn from a given set $U$ (as is common in combinatorics), then an alternative definition is very useful: a multisubset of $U$ is a function $f\colon B \to U$, where two multisubsets $f\colon B \to U$ and $f'\colon B' \to U$ are considered equal if there is a bijection $g\colon B \to B'$ that makes a commutative triangle. In other words, a multisubset of $U$ is an isomorphism class in the slice category $Set/U$. (Compare this to the structural definition of subset of $U$ as an injective function to $U$.)

A multisubset of $U$ is locally finite if every fibre is finite; it is finite if additionally the image of $f$ (which corresponds to $A$ in the original definition) is finite. A locally finite multisubset can also be described as a function from $U$ to the set of natural numbers; this is just the multiplicity function $\mu$ again, now with $U$ (rather than $X$) specified as the domain and allowing the value $0$ to be taken.

## Operations on multisets

The operations on cardinal numbers induce operations on multisets (or on multisubsets of any given set $U$).

In the following, let $\mathcal{X} = \langle X,\mu_X\rangle$ and $\mathcal{Y} = \langle Y,\mu_Y\rangle$ be multisets.

• The cardinality of a multiset is given by

$|\mathcal{X}| = \sum_{e\in X} \mu_X(e).$
• The intersection of multisets is the multiset whose cardinality is given by the infimum operation on cardinal numbers.

$\mathcal{X}\cap\mathcal{Y} = \langle X\cap Y, \min(\mu_X,\mu_Y)\rangle.$
• The union of multisets is the multiset whose cardinality is given by the supremum operation on cardinal numbers.

$\mathcal{X}\cup\mathcal{Y} = \langle X\cup Y, \max(\mu_X,\mu_Y)\rangle.$
• The set difference of multisets is the multiset given by

$\mathcal{X} \backslash \mathcal{Y} = \langle \{ a \in X \cup Y \;|\; \mu_X(a) \gt \mu_Y(a) \}, \mu_X - \mu_Y \rangle .$
• The sum of multisets is the multiset whose cardinality is given by addition of cardinal numbers; this has no analogue for ordinary sets.

$\mathcal{X}+\mathcal{Y} = \langle X\cup Y, \mu_X+\mu_Y\rangle.$
• The product of multisets (turning them into a rig) is the multiset whose cardinality is given by the product of cardinal numbers

$\mathcal{X}\mathcal{Y} = \langle X\cap Y, \mu_X\mu_Y\rangle.$

Note that if $\mathcal{X}$ is a set, then $\mathcal{X}\mathcal{X} = \mathcal{X}.$

• The inner product of multisets is given by

$\langle\mathcal{X},\mathcal{Y}\rangle = \sum_{e\in{X\cap Y}} \mu_X(e) \mu_Y(e).$

Note that the inner product corresponds to the cardinality of the product

$\langle\mathcal{X},\mathcal{Y}\rangle = |\mathcal{X}\mathcal{Y}|.$

## References

Last revised on December 9, 2022 at 18:44:30. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.