A non-unital operad is a structure like an operad but without a unit or operadic identity. However, in contrast to operads where the multiplication operation substitutes operations simultaneously into a single -ary operation, the primary operations for a non-unital operad are ones which substitute only one operation at a time.
It is possible to package these individual substitution operations into a single operation, using not the plethystic or substitution monoidal product (usually denoted ) but a certain lax monoidal product introduced below, called the graft product. At all events, it must be understood that the desired notion is not simply a species equipped equipped with an associative product , because that is not expressive enough.
There are various possible notions of non-unital operad; here we focus on the permutative and non-permutative cases.
Let be the monoidal groupoid of finite sets and bijections, where the monoidal product is obtained by restricting the coproduct on the category of finite sets. Let be (Joyal) species valued in a bicomplete symmetric monoidal closed category . The graft product is defined by the formula
where denotes the pushout of along the inclusion in the category of finite sets. This includes the degenerate case where ; in this case is the result of freely adjoining a point to . In the theory of species, there is a fundamental differentiation functor defined by the formula .
The set has as distinguished basepoint, and if is complementary to , we have natural bijections . It follows that
where refers to the usual Day convolution product on species, induced from the tensor product on . Since differentiation of species,
is cocontinuous, and since Day convolution is cocontinuous in each of its arguments, we see that
is separately cocontinuous in each of its arguments , . (Contrast with the plethystic or substitution product on species , which is cocontinuous in the first argument but not in the second .)
For , a structure of species is given by three data:
A tree obtained by grafting the root of a sprout (aka corolla) with leaf set to a leaf of another sprout with leaf set ;
An element of ;
An element of .
The graft poduct is not associative up to isomorphism, but there is a lax associativity. Specifically, we calculate (using a categorified Leibniz rule)
so that there is a noninvertible associativity (an inclusion)
which is natural in each of its arguments , , and , and which satisfies an evident pentagon coherence condition. Additionally (although we won’t really need this here), there is a lax monoidal unit, defined as the species for which is the monoidal unit of if , else is initial, for which we have evident natural maps
The first map is invertible, but the second is not: its component at a finite set is the codiagonal
However, the standard unit coherence conditions for monoidal categories hold. We may call such a structure, relaxing the condition of invertibility of and but retaining the usual naturality and coherence conditions, a lax monoidal category.
In the sequel, will denote the iterated graft product defined recursively by
so that all parentheses in are to the left. We state without proof the following partial coherence theorem:
Any two maps
definable in the language of lax monoidal categories are equal. We denote this map by .
A (permutative) non-unital operad in a cosmos is a species equipped with a multiplication , satisfying the following two associativity axioms:
commutes;
The two composites named in
commute. Here denotes the inclusion complementary to , and is the involution
where is the natural involution on the second derivative
induced by the nonidentity involution , and is the symmetry isomorphism .
Of course the notion can be reformulated perfectly well in a general symmetric monoidal category; the use of coproducts just makes for a more efficient packaging.
A non-permutative species in a monoidally cocomplete category is simply an -graded object in , which we may think of as equivalent to a functor from the monoidal groupoid of finite linear orders, with the monoidal product given by restriction of the ordinal sum to the core groupoid. If is a finite linear order and is a subinterval? of , then we may again define via a pushout construction in the category of finite linear orders, and define a corresponding graft product by the formula
This graft product shares certain formal properties with the permutative graft product defined above, such as the fact that it is a lax monoidal product. A triple graft product cab be decomposed as a coproduct of parts, the first being
and the second being
where denotes the pushout of the inclusion along the quotient . By interchanging the roles of and , we get a nontrivial involution on the second part.
To be continued…
Last revised on March 17, 2015 at 22:05:36. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.