nLab residuated lattice

Definition

A residuated lattice is an algebra, $L=(L,\wedge,\vee, \cdot, \backslash, /,1)$ such that

• $(L,\wedge,\vee)$ is a lattice;

• $(L,\cdot,1)$ is a monoid;

• for all $a,b,c\in L$,

$$(ab\le c)\Leftrightarrow (b\le a \backslash c)\Leftrightarrow (a\le c / b).$$

Examples

Powerset of a monoid.

Let $(M,\cdot, e)$ be a monoid and consider $L=\mathcal{P}(M)$.

If $X, Y\subseteq M$, define

$$X\cdot Y=\{x\cdot y\mid x\in X, y\in Y\};$$

$$X\backslash Y = \{z\in M\mid X\cdot\{z\}\subseteq Y\};$$

$$Y/ X= \{z\in M\mid \{z\}\cdot X\subseteq Y\}$$

and then $L$ with this structure is a residuated lattice.

• A special instance of this is with the quantale of ideals in a ring, $R$; see ideals in a monoid and quantale, especially the section on examples.

Relation algebra on a set

For any set, $X$, the relation algebra, $Rel(X)=\mathcal{P}(X\times X)$ of binary relations on $X$ is a residuated lattice.

Writing $R^-$ for the complement of a relation, $R$, and $R;S$ for the relational composition of two relations, $R$ and $S$, we define

$R \backslash S = (R;S^-)^- ,$

$S / R = (S^-;R)^-$

and

$R\to S= (R\cap S^-)^- = R^-\cup S.$

We have

• $(Rel(X), \cap,\cup,\to, \emptyset, X^2)$ is a Boolean algebra,

• $(Rel(X), ; \Delta)$ is a monad, where $\Delta$ is the diagonal / equality relation;

• the residuation relation is satisfied:

$$((R;S)\subseteq T)\Leftrightarrow (S\subseteq (R\backslash T))\Leftrightarrow (R\subseteq T / S)).$$

Lattice-ordered group

Any lattice-ordered group gives a residuated lattice. This is described in the entry on lattice-ordered groups. It is noteworthy that in this context, the residuals are quotients and, in fact, the inverses in the group are residuals.

Categorical interpretations of residuation

Looking at the poset structure of $L$ as a category, one rewrites $a\le b$ as $a\to b$ and $L(a,b)$ for the singleton set consisting just of the morphism $a\to b$.

We have for each element $a$ in $L$, two mappings given by, respectively, left and right multiplication by $a$:

$$\lambda_a:x\mapsto a\cdot x$$

$$\rho_a:x\mapsto x\cdot a.$$

These mappings are order preserving, so give endofunctors on the category $L$. For instance, suppose $x\le y$ and we have $a\cdot y\leq b$. We then have $y\leq a/b$, and hence $x\le a/b$, i.e. $a\cdot x\leq b$. Now take $b= a\cdot y$. We have thus that $a\cdot x\leq a\cdot y$, as required.

In this interpretation, both these functors have right adjoints, namely the two residuals. We have, for instance,

$$L(\lambda_a(x),c) \cong L(x,a\backslash c).$$

The residual functor, $a\backslash -$, acts like a left exponential object for the left multiplication functor. Likewise $-/a$ acts like a right exponential object functor.

This point of view is explored further in the entry on residuals.

Related entries

• residual

• quantale

• idempotent semiring

• residuated morphism

References

A classical reference is

• M. Ward and R. P. Dilworth, Residuated Lattices, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 45, No. 3 (May, 1939), pp. 335-354.doi.org/10.2307/1990008

A set of slides from a modern treatment is

• Nikolaos Galatos, Residuated lattices, slides