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\begin{document}

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\section*{Cauchy surface}

\hypertarget{context}{}\subsubsection*{{Context}}\label{context}

\hypertarget{differential_geometry}{}\paragraph*{{Differential geometry}}\label{differential_geometry}

[[!include synthetic differential geometry - contents]]

\hypertarget{riemannian_geometry}{}\paragraph*{{Riemannian geometry}}\label{riemannian_geometry}

[[!include Riemannian geometry - contents]]

\hypertarget{physics}{}\paragraph*{{Physics}}\label{physics}

[[!include physicscontents]]

\hypertarget{cauchy_surfaces}{}\section*{{Cauchy surfaces}}\label{cauchy_surfaces}

\noindent\hyperlink{idea}{Idea}\dotfill \pageref*{idea} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{definition}{Definition}\dotfill \pageref*{definition} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{applications}{Applications}\dotfill \pageref*{applications} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{related_concepts}{Related concepts}\dotfill \pageref*{related_concepts} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{references}{References}\dotfill \pageref*{references} \linebreak


\hypertarget{idea}{}\subsection*{{Idea}}\label{idea}

A Cauchy surface is a [[hypersurface]] in [[spacetime]] (so actually a $3$-dimensional region in our $4$-dimensional spacetime) that can profitably be seen as constituting `all of space at a given time'.

\hypertarget{definition}{}\subsection*{{Definition}}\label{definition}

For $(X,g)$ a [[Lorentzian manifold]], a \textbf{Cauchy surface} is an [[embedding|embedded]] [[submanifold]] $\Sigma \hookrightarrow X$ such that every [[timelike]] [[curve]] in $X$ may be extended to a timelike curve that intersects $\Sigma$ precisely in one point.

A Lorentzian manifold that does admit a Cauchy surface is called \emph{[[globally hyperbolic]]}.

\hypertarget{applications}{}\subsection*{{Applications}}\label{applications}

One way to formulate [[causality]] in [[physics]] is that the values of all [[observables]] at all points on a single Cauchy surface in [[spacetime]] is enough information (in the sense of a [[boundary condition]] to apply to a [[differential equation]] constituting a relevant physical theory) to determine the values of all observables at all points of spacetime. (This is not always an actual theorem of differential equations.) Stated more intuitively, the state of the universe at any given time is enough information to determine the state of the universe at all times.

If [[spacetime]] can be equipped with a [[foliation]] of Cauchy surfaces, then we may assign a [[real number]] $t$ to each surface $\Sigma$, so that we think of $\Sigma$ as `space at time $t$'. Of course, there are typically many ways to do this (if any), in accordance with the principle of [[relativity of simultaneity]]. On the other hand, for some spacetimes, this may not be possible at all (because they are not globally hyperbolic).

\hypertarget{related_concepts}{}\subsection*{{Related concepts}}\label{related_concepts}

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[Cauchy horizon]]

\end{itemize}
\hypertarget{references}{}\subsection*{{References}}\label{references}

The existence of a smooth splitting of globally hyperbolic spacetimes into Cauchy surfaces is in

\begin{itemize}%
\item Antonio N. Bernal, Miguel S\'a{}nchez, \emph{On smooth Cauchy hypersurfaces and Geroch's splitting theorem} (\href{http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0306108v2}{arXiv:gr-qc/0306108v2})

\end{itemize}
[[!redirects Cauchy surface]] [[!redirects Cauchy surfaces]]



\end{document}