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\begin{document}

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\section*{Schur function}

\hypertarget{idea}{}\subsection*{{Idea}}\label{idea}

The ring of symmetric polynomials in $n$ variables has a linear basis $\{s_\lambda\}$ of \textbf{Schur polynomials} indexed by [[partition]]s $\lambda=\lambda_1\geq \lambda_2\geq \ldots \geq \lambda_n$ in $n$ parts.

The Schur polynomials are precisely the irreducible characters of finite dimensional polynomial representations of $GL_n$. Also, the character $\chi_{\lambda}$ of $V_\lambda$, the irreducible representation of $S_k$ attached to $\lambda$ (for $k$ the size $|\lambda|$ of the partition) maps to the Schur polynomial under the character map $ch$ from virtual characters to symmetric polynomials. This correspondance between representations of the symmetric groups and the general linear groups is called [[Schur Weyl Duality]]

\hypertarget{definition}{}\subsection*{{Definition}}\label{definition}

Given the partition $\lambda_1\geq \lambda_2\geq \ldots \geq \lambda_n$, the corresponding \textbf{Schur polynomial} is defined as follows. First define the $n\times n$-determinant (for any partition $\alpha$ in $n$ parts)

\begin{displaymath}
a_\alpha = det (x_i^{\alpha_j}).
\end{displaymath}
Let $\delta=(n-1, n-2, \dots, 1, 0)$. Then the Schur polynomial attached to $\lambda$ is quotient

\begin{displaymath}
s_{\lambda}(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n)=a_{\lambda+\delta}/a_{\delta}.
\end{displaymath}
As is usual in the theory of symmetric functions one can also deal with formal series in infinitely many variables. To make this precise one uses an inverse limit (see Macdonald) and obtains a \textbf{Schur function} $s_{\lambda}$ for each partition, depending on countably many variables $x_1, x_2,\dots,x_n,x_{n+1}, \dots$.

\hypertarget{generalizations_via_schur_functors}{}\subsection*{{Generalizations via Schur functors}}\label{generalizations_via_schur_functors}

[[Schur functors]] may be viewed as a categorification of Schur functions. In fact, the Schur functors make sense in more general symmetric monoidal categories than vector spaces. It is a theorem in the case of vector space that the trace of a Schur functor $\mathbf{S}_\lambda(V)\stackrel{\mathbf{S}_\lambda(g)}\to \mathbf{S}_\lambda(V)$ on an endomorphism $g\in GL(V)$ is the Schur function of the eigenvalues of $g$. Considering the trace of a Schur functor makes sense in a general situation allowing for Schur functors and for the trace ([[rigid monoidal category]]); of course choosing appropriate variables to express the trace may depend on a context.

\hypertarget{literature}{}\subsection*{{Literature}}\label{literature}

The authoritative monograph on the subject is

\begin{itemize}%
\item I. G. Macdonald, \emph{Symmetric functions and Hall polynomials}, Oxford Math. Monographs, 2nd enlarged ed. 1995

\end{itemize}
Other references

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[Bruce E. Sagan]], \emph{Schur functions}, in (M. Hazewinkel, ed.) Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Springer, \href{http://www.mth.msu.edu/~sagan/Papers/Old/schur.pdf}{pdf}
\item \href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_function}{wikipedia}
\item Stuart Martin, \emph{Schur algebras and representation theory}, Cambridge Univ. Press 1994
\item Olivier Blondeau-Fournier, Pierre Mathieu, \emph{Schur superpolynomials: combinatorial definition and Pieri rule}, \href{http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.2807}{arxiv/1408.2807}
\item Miles Jones, Luc Lapointe, \emph{Pieri rules for Schur functions in superspace}, \href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.08577}{arxiv/1608.08577}

\end{itemize}
See also [[Schur positivity]].

For generalizations of Schur functions see [[Jack polynomial]], [[Macdonald polynomial]], [[noncommutative Schur function]], [[quasisymmetric Schur function]].

[[!redirects Schur polynomial]][[!redirects Schur functions]]



\end{document}