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\section*{leptoquark}

\hypertarget{context}{}\subsubsection*{{Context}}\label{context}

\hypertarget{fields_and_quanta}{}\paragraph*{{Fields and quanta}}\label{fields_and_quanta}

[[!include fields and quanta - table]]

\hypertarget{contents}{}\section*{{Contents}}\label{contents}

\noindent\hyperlink{idea}{Idea}\dotfill \pageref*{idea} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{properties}{Properties}\dotfill \pageref*{properties} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{ExperimentalHint}{Experimental hints}\dotfill \pageref*{ExperimentalHint} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{experimental_constraints}{Experimental constraints}\dotfill \pageref*{experimental_constraints} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{theoretical_conceptualization}{Theoretical conceptualization}\dotfill \pageref*{theoretical_conceptualization} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{references}{References}\dotfill \pageref*{references} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{general}{General}\dotfill \pageref*{general} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{ReferencesExperiment}{Experiment}\dotfill \pageref*{ReferencesExperiment} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{relation_to_flavour_anomalies}{Relation to flavour anomalies}\dotfill \pageref*{relation_to_flavour_anomalies} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{appearance_in_guts}{Appearance in GUTs}\dotfill \pageref*{appearance_in_guts} \linebreak


\hypertarget{idea}{}\subsection*{{Idea}}\label{idea}

\emph{Leptoquarks} is the name given to hypothetical [[fundamental particles]] which combine the properties of both [[quarks]] and [[leptons]] from the [[standard model of particle physics]].

They naturally arise in [[grand unified theories]] (e.g. \hyperlink{MurayamaYanagida92}{Murayama-Yanagida 92}, also \hyperlink{AFG17}{AFG 17, III.A})

\hypertarget{properties}{}\subsection*{{Properties}}\label{properties}

\hypertarget{ExperimentalHint}{}\subsubsection*{{Experimental hints}}\label{ExperimentalHint}

The existence of leptoquarks could potentially explain \emph{both}

\begin{enumerate}%
\item the apparently observed [[flavour anomalies]]

(\hyperlink{BauerNeubert16}{Bauer-Neubert 16}, \hyperlink{CCDM16}{CCDM 16}, \hyperlink{CCL17}{CCL 17}, \hyperlink{Crivellin17}{Crivellin 17} \hyperlink{Falkowski17}{Falkowski17}, \hyperlink{Mueller18}{Müeller 18}, \hyperlink{MatsuzakiNishiwaki18}{Matsuzaki-Nishiwaki 18}, \hyperlink{MonteuxRajaraman18}{Monteux-Rajaraman 18}, \hyperlink{AMST18}{AMST 18}, \hyperlink{BDFKFS18}{BDFKFS 18}, \hyperlink{Crivellin18}{Crivellin 18}, \hyperlink{MMR18}{MMR 18}, \hyperlink{BlankeCrivellin18}{Blanke-Crivellin 18}, \hyperlink{KumarLondon19}{Kumar-London 19, section 2.2.1}, \hyperlink{MVT19}{MVT 19}, \hyperlink{MVK19}{MVK 19}, \hyperlink{CataMannel19}{Cata-Mannel 19})


\item the apparently observed \href{anomalous+magnetic+moment#Anomalies}{anomaly} in the [[anomalous magnetic moments]] of the [[muon]] and also of the [[electron]] (\hyperlink{CCDM16}{CCDM 16}, \hyperlink{Mueller18}{Müller 18})



\end{enumerate}
From \hyperlink{Crivellin18}{Crivellin 18, p. 2}:

\begin{quote}%
the global fit $[$ to [[flavour anomalies]] $]$ even shows compelling evidence for New Physics $[$\ldots{} $]$ The vector leptoquark (LQ) $SU(2)_L$ singlet with hypercharge $-4/3$ arising in the famous [[Pati-Salam model]] is capable of explaining all the $[$[[flavour anomalies|flavour]] $]$ anomalies and therefore several attempts to construct a [[UV completion]] for this LQ to address the anomalies have been made. It can give a sizeable effect in $b \to c(u)\tau \nu$ data without violating bounds from $b \to s(d)\nu \bar \nu$ and/or direct searches, provides (at [[tree level]]) a $C_9 = - C_{10}$ solution to $b \to s \ell^+ \ell^-$ data and does not lead to [[proton decay]] at any order in [[perturbative quantum field theory|perturbation theory]].


\end{quote}
\hypertarget{experimental_constraints}{}\subsubsection*{{Experimental constraints}}\label{experimental_constraints}

Constraints on the possible parameter space for leptoquarks from [[LHC]] data (\hyperlink{BGGSS18}{BGGSS 18}, \hyperlink{BSS18}{BSS 18}, \hyperlink{ATLAS19}{ATLAS 19})

\hypertarget{theoretical_conceptualization}{}\subsubsection*{{Theoretical conceptualization}}\label{theoretical_conceptualization}

Leptoquarks naturally arise in [[grand unified theories]] (\ldots{}, \hyperlink{MurayamaYanagida92}{Murayama-Yanagida 92}, \hyperlink{BDFKFS18}{BDFKFS 18})

\hypertarget{references}{}\subsection*{{References}}\label{references}

\hypertarget{general}{}\subsubsection*{{General}}\label{general}

\begin{itemize}%
\item Nima Assad, Bartosz Fornal, Benjamin Grinstein, \emph{Baryon Number and Lepton Universality Violation in Leptoquark and Diquark Models}, Phys. Lett. B777 (2018) 324-331 (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.06350}{arXiv:1708.06350})


\item Achintya Rao, \emph{\href{https://home.cern/news/news/physics/hunt-leptoquarks}{The hunt for leptoquarks is on}}, 2018



\end{itemize}
See also

\begin{itemize}%
\item Wikipedia, \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoquark}{Leptoquark}}

\end{itemize}
\hypertarget{ReferencesExperiment}{}\subsubsection*{{Experiment}}\label{ReferencesExperiment}

Constraints from [[experiment]] ([[LHC]]):

\begin{itemize}%
\item I. Doršner, S. Fajfer, A. Greljo, J. F. Kamenik, N. Košnik, \emph{Physics of leptoquarks in precision experiments and at particle colliders}, Physics Reports Volume 641, 17 June 2016, Pages 1-68 (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.04993}{arXiv:1603.04993})


\item M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), \emph{115. Leptoquarks} Phys. Rev. D 98, 030001 (2018) (\href{http://pdg.lbl.gov/2018/reviews/rpp2018-rev-leptoquark-quantum-numbers.pdf}{pdf})


\item CMS Collaboration, \emph{Search for third-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to a top quark and a $\tau$ lepton at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV}, Eur. Phys. J. C 78 (2018) 707 (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.02864}{arXiv:1803.02864})


\item Andrei Angelescu, Damir Bečirević, Darius A. Faroughy, Olcyr Sumensari, \emph{Closing the window on single leptoquark solutions to the $B$-physics anomalies}, JHEP10(2018)183 (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.08179}{arXiv:1808.08179})


\item Aritra Biswas, Dilip Kumar Ghosh, Nivedita Ghosh, Avirup Shaw, Abhaya Kumar Swain, \emph{Novel collider signature of $U_1$ Leptoquark and $B \to \pi$ observables} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.04169}{arXiv:1808.04169})


\item Aritra Biswas, Avirup Shaw, Abhaya Kumar Swain, \emph{Collider signature of $V_2$ Leptoquark with $b \to s$ flavour observables} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08887}{arXiv:1811.08887})


\item [[Salvatore Rappoccio]], section 6 of \emph{The experimental status of direct searches for exotic physics beyond the standard model at the Large Hadron Collider}, Reviews in Physics 4 (2019) 100027 (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.10579}{arXiv:1810.10579})


\item [[ATLAS collaboration]], \emph{Searches for scalar leptoquarks and differential cross-section measurements in dilepton-dijet events in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s√ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS experiment} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.00377}{arXiv:1902.00377})


\item ZEUS Collaboration, \emph{Limits on contact interactions and leptoquarks at HERA} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.03048}{arXiv:1902.03048})



\end{itemize}
\hypertarget{relation_to_flavour_anomalies}{}\subsubsection*{{Relation to flavour anomalies}}\label{relation_to_flavour_anomalies}

As a potential solution of the apparent [[B meson]] [[flavour anomaly]]:

\begin{itemize}%
\item Martin Bauer, Matthias Neubert, \emph{One Leptoquark to Rule Them All: A Minimal Explanation for $R_{D^{(\ast)}}$, $R_K$ and $(g-2)_\mu$}, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 141802 (2016) (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.01900}{arXiv:1511.01900})


\item Estefania Coluccio Leskow, [[Andreas Crivellin]], Giancarlo D'Ambrosio, Dario Müller, \emph{$(g-2)_\mu$, Lepton Flavour Violation and Z Decays with Leptoquarks: Correlations and Future Prospects}, Phys. Rev. D 95, 055018 (2017) (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.06858}{arXiv:1612.06858})


\item Yi Cai, John Gargalionis, Michael A. Schmidt, Raymond R. Volkas, \emph{Reconsidering the One Leptoquark solution: flavor anomalies and neutrino mass} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.05849}{arXiv:1704.05849})


\item Lorenzo Calibbi, [[Andreas Crivellin]], Tianjun Li, \emph{A model of vector leptoquarks in view of the $B$-physics anomalies}, Phys. Rev. D 98, 115002 (2018) (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.00692}{arXiv:1709.00692})


\item [[Andreas Crivellin]], \emph{New Physics in Flavour Observables} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.00929}{arXiv:1706.00929})


\item [[Adam Falkowski]], \emph{\href{http://resonaances.blogspot.com/2015/11/leptoquarks-strike-back.html}{Leptoquarks strike back}}, November 2017


\item Dario Müller, \emph{Leptoquarks in Flavour Physics}, EPJ Web of Conferences 179, 01015 (2018) (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03380}{arXiv:1801.03380})


\item Shinya Matsuzaki, Kenji Nishiwaki, Kei Yamamoto, \emph{Simultaneous interpretation of K and B anomalies in terms of chiral-flavorful vectors} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02312}{arXiv:1806.02312})


\item Angelo Monteux, [[Arvind Rajaraman]], \emph{B Anomalies and Leptoquarks at the LHC: Beyond the Lepton-Quark Final State}, Phys. Rev. D 98, 115032 (2018) (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05962}{arXiv:1803.05962})


\item Ufuk Aydemir, Djordje Minic, Chen Sun, Tatsu Takeuchi, \emph{$B$-decay anomalies and scalar leptoquarks in unified Pati-Salam models from noncommutative geometry}, JHEP 09 (2018) 117 (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.05844}{arXiv:1804.05844})


\item Damir Bečirević, Ilja Doršner, Svjetlana Fajfer, Nejc Košnik, Darius A. Faroughy, Olcyr Sumensari, \emph{Scalar leptoquarks from GUT to accommodate the $B$-physics anomalies}, Phys. Rev. D 98, 055003 (2018) (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.05689}{arXiv:1806.05689})


\item Tanumoy Mandal, Subhadip Mitra, Swapnil Raz, \emph{$R_{D^{(\ast)}}$ in minimal leptoquark scenarios: impact of interference on the exclusion limits from LHC data} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03561}{arXiv:1811.03561})


\item Jason Aebischer, [[Andreas Crivellin]], Christoph Greub, \emph{QCD Improved Matching for Semi-Leptonic B Decays with Leptoquarks} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08907}{arXiv:1811.08907})


\item Jacky Kumar, David London, \emph{New physics in $b \to s e^+ e^-$?} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.04516}{arXiv:1901.04516})


\item Ivo de Medeiros Varzielas, Jim Talbert, \emph{Simplified Models of Flavourful Leptoquarks} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10484}{arXiv:1901.10484})


\item Michael J. Baker, Javier Fuentes-Martin, Gino Isidori, Matthias König, \emph{High-pT Signatures in Vector-Leptoquark Models} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10480}{arXiv:1901.10480})


\item Natascia Vignaroli, \emph{Seeking leptoquarks in the $t \bar t$ plus missing energy channel at the high-luminosity LHC} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.10309}{arXiv:1808.10309})


\item Ufuk Aydemir, Tanumoy Mandal, Subhadip Mitra, \emph{A single TeV-scale scalar leptoquark in SO(10) grand unification and B-decay anomalies} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.08108}{arXiv:1902.08108})


\item Ivo de Medeiros Varzielas, Stephen F. King, \emph{Origin of Yukawa couplings for Higgs and leptoquarks} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09266}{arXiv:1902.09266})


\item Oscar Cata, Thomas Mannel, \emph{Linking lepton number violation with $B$ anomalies} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.01799}{arXiv:1903.01799})


\item Bhubanjyoti Bhattacharya, Alakabha Datta, Saeed Kamali, David London, \emph{CP Violation in $\bar B^0 \to D^{\ast +} \mu^- \bar \nu_\mu$}, (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.02567}{arXiv:1903.02567})


\item Han Yan, Ya-Dong Yang, Xing-Bo Yuan, \emph{Phenomenology of $b \to c \tau \bar \nu$ decays in a scalar leptoquark model} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.01795}{arXiv:1905.01795})


\item Alakabha Datta, Divya Sachdeva, John Waite, \emph{A unified explanation of $b \to s\mu^= \mu^-$ anomalies, neutrino masses and $B \to \pi K$ puzzle} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04046}{arXiv:1905.04046})


\item Andrei Angelescu, \emph{Single Leptoquark Solutions to the $B$-physics Anomalies}, contribution to the \href{http://moriond.in2p3.fr/2019/EW/}{2019 EW session} of the \href{http://moriond.in2p3.fr/2019/}{54th Rencontres de Moriond} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.06044}{arXiv:1905.06044})


\item [[Andreas Crivellin]], Francesco Saturnino, \emph{Explaining the Flavor Anomalies with a Vector Leptoquark (Moriond 2019 update)} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01222}{arXiv:1906.01222})


\item Innes Bigaran, John Gargalionis, Raymond R. Volkas, \emph{A near-minimal leptoquark model for reconciling flavour anomalies and generating radiative neutrino masses} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01870}{arXiv:1906.01870})


\item Javier Fuentes-Martin, Gino Isidori, Matthias König, Nudzeim Selimovic, \emph{Vector Leptoquarks Beyond Tree Level} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13474}{arxiv:1910.13474})



\end{itemize}
within [[GUT]]-models and specifically within [[Pati-Salam models]]:

\begin{itemize}%
\item Julian Heeck, Daniele Teresi, \emph{Pati-Salam explanations of the B-meson anomalies}, JHEP 12 (2018) 103 (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.07492}{arXiv:1808.07492})


\item Julian Heeck, Daniele Teresi, \emph{Pati-Salam and lepton universality in B decays} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05211}{arXiv:1905.05211})


\item Oleg Popov, Michael A. Schmidt, Graham White, \emph{$R_2$ as a single leptoquark solution to $R_{D^{(\ast)}}$ and $R_{K^{(\ast)}}$} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.06339}{arXiv:1905.06339})


\item [[Andreas Crivellin]], Francesco Saturnino, \emph{Correlating Tauonic B Decays to the Neutron EDM via a Scalar Leptoquark} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.08257}{arXiv:1905.08257})


\item [[Michal Malinský]], \emph{Lepton non-universality in $B$-decays in the minimal leptoquark gauge model} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.09174}{arXiv:1906.09174})


\item Jordan Bernigaud, Ivo de Medeiros Varzielas, Jim Talbert, \emph{Finite Family Groups for Fermionic and Leptoquark Mixing Patterns} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.11270}{arXiv:1906.11270})


\item Junichiro Kawamura, Stuart Raby, Andreas Trautner, \emph{Complete Vector-like Fourth Family and new $U(1)'$ for Muon Anomalies} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.11297}{arXiv:1906.11297})


\item Leandro Da Rold, Federico Lamagna, \emph{A vector leptoquark for the B-physics anomalies from a composite GUT} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.11666}{arXiv:1906.11666})


\item C. Hati, J. Kriewald, J. Orloff, A.M. Teixeira, \emph{A nonunitary interpretation for a single vector leptoquark combined explanation to the B-decay anomalies} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.05511}{arXiv:1907.05511})



\end{itemize}
and within [[Randall-Sundrum models]]

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[Andreas Crivellin]], \emph{Explaining the Flavour Anomalies with the Pati-Salam Vector Leptoquark}, PoS LHCP2018 (2018) 269 (\href{http://inspirehep.net/record/1713260}{spire:1713260}, \href{https://doi.org/10.22323/1.321.0269}{doi:10.22323/1.321.0269})


\item Monika Blanke, [[Andreas Crivellin]], \emph{$B$ Meson Anomalies in a Pati-Salam Model within the Randall-Sundrum Background}, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 011801 (2018) (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07256}{arXiv:1801.07256})



\end{itemize}
and as a possible explanation also of the anomalies seen at the [[ANITA experiment]]:

\begin{itemize}%
\item Bhavesh Chauhan, Subhendra Mohanty, \emph{A common leptoquark solution of flavor and ANITA anomalies} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.00919}{arXiv:1812.00919})

\end{itemize}
\hypertarget{appearance_in_guts}{}\subsubsection*{{Appearance in GUTs}}\label{appearance_in_guts}

Appearance in [[GUT]]-theories:

\begin{itemize}%
\item H. Murayama, T. Yanagida, \emph{A viable $SU(5)$ GUT with light leptoquark bosons}, Mod.Phys.Lett. A7 (1992) 147-152 (\href{http://inspirehep.net/record/315898}{spire:315898}, \href{https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217732392000070}{doi:10.1142/S0217732392000070})


\item \hyperlink{HeekTeresi18}{Heek-Teresi 18}, \hyperlink{HeekTeresi19}{Heek-Teresi 19}



\end{itemize}
[[!redirects leptoquarks]]



\end{document}