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\begin{document}

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\section*{monad (in linguistics)}

\noindent\hyperlink{idea}{Idea}\dotfill \pageref*{idea} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{related_concepts}{Related concepts}\dotfill \pageref*{related_concepts} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{references}{References}\dotfill \pageref*{references} \linebreak


\hypertarget{idea}{}\subsection*{{Idea}}\label{idea}

A number of researchers have proposed that the [[category theory|category theoretic]] concept of [[monads]] may play a role in understanding semantic and pragmatic issues in the use of natural language.

\begin{quote}%
Side effects are to programming languages what pragmatics are to natural languages: they both study how expressions interact with the worlds of their users. It might then come as no surprise that phenomena such as anaphora, presupposition, deixis and conventional implicature yield a monadic description. (\hyperlink{MarAmb16}{Mar\v{s}\'i{}k Amblard 2016, p. 3})


\end{quote}
In overview papers (\hyperlink{Cohn-Gordon}{Cohn-Gordon}, \hyperlink{Asudeh}{Asudeh}), it is proposed that the following topics are explained by specific monads:

\begin{enumerate}%
\item Conventional implicature: the [[writer monad]]
\item Optional arguments: the [[maybe monad]]
\item Presupposition failure: the exception monad
\item Anaphora: the [[state monad]] and set monad
\item Perspective, opacity and intentionality: the [[reader monad]]
\item Conjunction fallacies: the [[Giry monad|probability monad]]
\item Quantifier Scope: the [[continuation monad]]
\item Focus: the pointed set monad
\item Interrogatives: the set monad
\item Performatives: the [[IO monad]]

\end{enumerate}
\hypertarget{related_concepts}{}\subsection*{{Related concepts}}\label{related_concepts}

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[monad (in computer science)]]
\item [[dependent type theoretic methods in natural language semantics]]

\end{itemize}
\hypertarget{references}{}\subsection*{{References}}\label{references}

For a summary of uses, see

\begin{itemize}%
\item Reuben Cohn-Gordon, \emph{Monad Transformers for Natural Language:Combining Monads to Model Effect Interaction}, \href{https://reubenharry.github.io/docs/monads.pdf}{pdf}


\item [[Ash Asudeh]], \emph{Monads: Some Linguistic Applications}, \href{http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/sites/asudeh/handouts/asudeh-se-lfg13.pdf}{pdf}


\item [[Gianluca Giorgolo]] and [[Ash Asudeh]], \emph{Natural Language Semantics with Enriched Meanings}, \href{http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/sites/asudeh/pdf/esslli2015-course-notes.pdf}{pdf}



\end{itemize}
These refer to:

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[Gianluca Giorgolo]] and [[Ash Asudeh]], 2011. Multidimensional Semantics with Unidimensional Glue Logic. In Butt and King 2011, 236--256.
\item [[Gianluca Giorgolo]] and [[Ash Asudeh]], 2012a. \emph{$\langle M, \eta, \star \rangle$ Monads for Conventional Implicatures}. In Ana Aguilar Guevara, Anna Chernilovskaya, and Rick Nouwen, eds., Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 16. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics.
\item [[Gianluca Giorgolo]] and [[Ash Asudeh]], 2012b. \emph{Missing Resources in a Resource-Sensitive Semantics.} In Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King, eds., Proceedings of the LFG12 Conference, 219--239. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
\item [[Gianluca Giorgolo]] and [[Ash Asudeh]], 2013a. \emph{Monads as a Solution for Generalized Opacity.} Ms., University of Oxford.
\item [[Gianluca Giorgolo]] and [[Ash Asudeh]], 2013b. \emph{One Semiring to Rule Them All.} Ms., University of Oxford.
\item [[Ash Asudeh]] and [[Gianluca Giorgolo]], 2016. \emph{Perspectives.} Semantics and Pragmatics vol. 9, \href{http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.9.21}{doi}.
\item Shan, Chung-chieh. 2001. \emph{Monads for Natural Language Semantics.} In Kristina Striegnitz, ed., Proceedings of the ESSLLI-2001 Student Session, 285--298. 13th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information.
\item Christina Unger, 2011. \emph{Dynamic Semantics as Monadic Computation.} In Manabu Okumura, Daisuke Bekki, and Ken Satoh, eds., New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence - JSAI-isAI 2011, 68--81.
\item Simon Charlow, 2014. \emph{On the semantics of exceptional scope}, New York University dissertation.

\end{itemize}
For the specific use of [[continuation-passing style]] techniques, see

\begin{itemize}%
\item Chris Barker, Chung-Chieh Shan, \emph{Continuations and Natural Language}, OUP, 2014, (\href{https://www.nyu.edu/projects/barker/barker-shan-continuations-book-intro.pdf}{introduction})
\item Chris Barker, \emph{Continuations and the nature of quantification}, Natural Language Semantics, 10(3):211--242, 2002.
\item Chris Barker, \emph{Continuations in natural language}, in Hayo Thielecke, editor, Proceedings of the Fourth ACM SIGPLAN Continuations Workshop (CW'04), Birmingham, UK, 2004.
\item Ekaterina Lebedeva, \emph{Expression de la dynamique du discours \`a{} l'aide de continuations}, (\href{http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0025}{thesis})

\end{itemize}
The alternative approach to treating [[side effects]], known as [[algebraic effects]], has also been employed in natural language semantics:

\begin{itemize}%
\item Jirka Mar\v{s}\'i{}k, Maxime Amblard, \emph{Algebraic Effects and Handlers in Natural Language Interpretation}, \href{https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01079206/file/effects-paper.pdf}{pdf}
\item Jirka Mar\v{s}\'i{}k, Maxime Amblard, \emph{Introducing a Calculus of Effects and Handlers for Natural Language Semantics}, \href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06125}{arXiv:1606.06125}

\end{itemize}
The weaker notion of [[applicative functors]] has also been used:

\begin{itemize}%
\item Oleg Kiselyov, \emph{Applicative Abstract Categorial Grammars}, (\href{http://okmij.org/ftp/gengo/applicative-symantics/AACG.pdf}{pdf})
\item Oleg Kiselyov, \emph{Applicative Abstract Categorial Grammars in Full Swing}, (\href{http://okmij.org/ftp/gengo/applicative-symantics/AACG1.pdf}{pdf})
\item Simon Charlow, \emph{A modular theory of pronouns and binding}, (\href{http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/003720}{pdf})

\end{itemize}


\end{document}