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\begin{document}

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\section*{quark}

\hypertarget{context}{}\subsubsection*{{Context}}\label{context}

\hypertarget{fields_and_quanta}{}\paragraph*{{Fields and quanta}}\label{fields_and_quanta}

[[!include fields and quanta - table]]

\hypertarget{contents}{}\section*{{Contents}}\label{contents}

\noindent\hyperlink{idea}{Idea}\dotfill \pageref*{idea} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{related_concepts}{Related concepts}\dotfill \pageref*{related_concepts} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{references}{References}\dotfill \pageref*{references} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{general}{General}\dotfill \pageref*{general} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{history}{History}\dotfill \pageref*{history} \linebreak
\noindent\hyperlink{ReferencesAbInitioLatticeComputation}{Ab-initio lattice computation}\dotfill \pageref*{ReferencesAbInitioLatticeComputation} \linebreak


\hypertarget{idea}{}\subsection*{{Idea}}\label{idea}

\emph{Quarks} (\hyperlink{GellMann64}{Gell-Mann 64}, \hyperlink{Zweig64}{Zweig 64}) are one of the fundamental [[particles]]/[[matter]] [[field (physics)|fields]] in the [[standard model of particle physics]]. Quarks couple to the [[Yang-Mills theory]] given by [[QCD]].

Quarks come in three [[generations of fermions]]:

\begin{tabular}{l|l|l}
1st generation&2nd generation&3d generation\\
\hline 
[[up quark]]&[[charm quark]]&[[top quark]]\\
[[down quark]]&[[strange quark]]&[[bottom quark]]\\
\end{tabular}

At room-[[temperature]] quarks always form [[bound states]] to [[hadrons]]. This phenomenon of \emph{[[confinement]]} is quantitatively well-reproduced by [[lattice QCD]] computations (see \hyperlink{FodorHoelbling12}{Fodor-Hoelbling 12}) and qualitatively well reproduced by conceptual arguments such as the [[AdS/QCD correspondence]], but a full analytic [[proof]] of confinement from a rigorous [[AQFT]]-like foundation of [[QCD]] remains open, see the \emph{[[mass gap problem]]}.

However, at high [[temperature]] [[QCD]] goes through a \emph{deconfinement} [[phase transition]] and enters another [[phase of matter]] known as the [[quark-gluon plasma]]. As the name suggests, here quarks and [[gluons]] are free.

\hypertarget{related_concepts}{}\subsection*{{Related concepts}}\label{related_concepts}

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[colour charge]], [[flavour (particle physics)]]


\item [[quark-gluon plasma]]


\item [[generation of fermions]]


\item [[hadron]]

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[meson]], [[baryon]]


\item [[pentaquark]]



\end{itemize}

\item [[B meson]]


\item [[squark]]



\end{itemize}
\hypertarget{references}{}\subsection*{{References}}\label{references}

\hypertarget{general}{}\subsubsection*{{General}}\label{general}

\begin{itemize}%
\item Jean-Marc Richard, \emph{An introduction to the quark model} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.4326}{arXiv:1205.4326})

\end{itemize}
Textbooks:

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[Francis Halzen]], [[Alan Martin]], \emph{Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics}, Wiley 1984 (\href{http://ajbell.web.cern.ch/ajbell/Documents/eBooks/Quarks%20&%20Leptons.pdf}{pdf})

\end{itemize}
\hypertarget{history}{}\subsubsection*{{History}}\label{history}

The quark model was proposed independently in 1964 by

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[Murray Gell-Mann]], \emph{A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons}, Phys.Lett. 8 (1964) 214-215 (\href{http://inspirehep.net/record/11880}{spire:11880}, )


\item [[George Zweig]], \emph{An SU(3) model for strong interaction symmetry and its breaking}, version 1 is CERN preprint 8182/TH.401, Jan. 17, 1964, version 2 in \emph{Developments in the Quark Theory of Hadrons} Volume 1. Edited by D. Lichtenberg and S. Rosen. Nonantum, Mass., Hadronic Press, 1980. pp. 22-101 (\href{http://inspirehep.net/record/4674}{spire:4674})



\end{itemize}
Review of this history:

\begin{itemize}%
\item [[George Zweig]], \emph{Origins of the quark model}, 1980 (\href{https://authors.library.caltech.edu/18969/1/Origins_of_the_Quark_Model_Final_Zweig%5B1%5D.pdf}{pdf}, [[ZweigQuarkModel1980.pdf:file]])

\end{itemize}
\hypertarget{ReferencesAbInitioLatticeComputation}{}\subsubsection*{{Ab-initio lattice computation}}\label{ReferencesAbInitioLatticeComputation}

Due to [[confinement]], before the [[quark-gluon plasma]] was seen in [[experiment]] it was a logical possibility that the quark-model of [[QCD]] is not actually correct. But more recend ab-initio computation in [[lattice QCD]] show that starting with the quark model, at least the light [[hadron]] [[bound states]] observes in [[experiment]] are reproduced by these ab-initio computations. This is discussed in the following references, see the good review \hyperlink{FodorHoelbling12}{Fodor-Hoelbling 12}

\begin{itemize}%
\item S. Durr, Z. Fodor, J. Frison, C. Hoelbling, R. Hoffmann, S.D. Katz, S. Krieg, T. Kurth, L. Lellouch, T. Lippert, K.K. Szabo, G. Vulvert,

\emph{Ab-initio Determination of Light Hadron Masses},

Science 322:1224-1227,2008 (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/0906.3599}{arXiv:0906.3599})


\item Zoltan Fodor, Christian Hoelbling, \emph{Light Hadron Masses from Lattice QCD}, Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 449, (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4789}{arXiv:1203.4789})


\item S. Aoki et. al. \emph{Review of lattice results concerning low-energy particle physics} (\href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.00299}{arXiv:1607.00299})



\end{itemize}
See also

\begin{itemize}%
\item Wikipedia, \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark}{Quark}}

\end{itemize}
[[!redirects quarks]]



\end{document}