There are many theories explicating specific features of naive or intuitive notions of information.
The academic sites of these theories range over philosophy, mathematics (type theory, measure theory / probability theory / statistics), computer science, physics, communication sciences, psychology / sociology, economics, semiotics, cybernetics, etc.
Information theories in methodological proximity to mathematics are e.g.
statistical information theory
semantic information theory
algorithmic information theory
constructive-type-theoretical information theory?
analytic principle?
coding theory?
computational complexity theory?
infon?
meaning
knowledge
structure?
Statistical information theory: Claude Shannon, Warren Weaver, Ronald Fisher
Semantic information theory: Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Rudolf Carnap
Algorithmic information theory: Ray Solomonoff, Andrey Kolmogorov, Gregory Chaitin
Constructive-type-theoretical information theory: Giuseppe Primiero, Tijn Borghuis, Fairouz Kamareddine, Rod Nedepelt
Miscellaneous: Fred Dretske, Keith Devlin, Jon Barwise, Jeremy Seligman, Jaakko Hintikka
Giuseppe Primiero, information and knowledge - a constructive type-theoretical approach, Springer, 2008
Mark Burgin, Theory of information, 2010