The hope for this article is to give some general theory which would encompass various notions of operad found in the literature, including nonpermutative operads, permutative or symmetric operads, braided operads, cartesian operads, and others. Roughly speaking, all such cases involve types of monoidal doctrines which distribute over the doctrine of colimit cocompletion, from which general notions of plethysm, operad, and algebras over operads can be inferred.
I am not certain of the final shape of this article, so for the time being this article may look somewhat piecemeal.
This section explores a circle of ideas involving clones in universal algebra, a cartesian version of operads, Lawvere theories, and algebras or models over such. There is no doubt that all of this material has been known to the cognoscenti for decades (and accurately regarded as folklore), but it seems to be hard to find a convenient place where it is written down.
A subsidiary purpose of this section is to provide an abstract niche in which to show that the forgetful functor from the category of algebras for a Lawvere theory ,
is monadic provided that is (say) cocomplete and cartesian closed (the only aspect of exponentiation needed is that finite products distribute over colimits); see theorem 3. This addresses a question raised on MathOverflow in reasonably satisfying generality. The development is “soft” and in fact rather tautological, the moves being little more than manipulations based on adjunctions and universal properties. For theorem 3 in particular, there is no need to invoke a technical monadicity theorem; in effect one just writes down the monad and verifies monadicity directly. (True, the development is high-level abstract nonsense, but readers whose taste tends more toward the concrete should encounter no difficulty in verifying the claims.)
In what follows, a category with finite products will be called an FP category. A category with finite products and small colimits over which finite products distribute will be called a cartesian monoidally cocomplete (or cmc) category.
The functor that names the one-element set exhibits as the free FP category generated by .
In other words, if and are FP categories and denotes the category of functors that preserve finite products, then evaluation at the one-element set produces an equivalence
For an FP category , the monoidal product on given by the Day convolution induced from the cartesian monoidal product in is cartesian monoidal.
We have an evident sequence of isomorphisms
where the second line alone uses the cartesian monoidal structure on (using projection maps, etc.), and the rest uses the usual yoga of Day convolution for symmetric monoidal products and the Yoneda lemma.
The cartesian monoidal structure on is cmc, and the functor that names ( the inclusion functor) exhibits as the free cmc category generated by .
Given two cmc categories , , let denote the category of finite-product-preserving cocontinuous functors from to . By the previous proposition we have, for each cmc category , an equivalence
given by evaluation at . In particular, taking , we have an equivalence
so that the monoidal product on the right side given by endofunctor composition transfers across the equivalence to a monoidal product on . This monoidal product is denoted . The monoidal unit is .
A cartesian operad is a monoid in the monoidal category .
We give a more concrete description of cartesian operads, beginning with a more concrete description of the equivalences
for a cmc category . The first equivalence takes an object to the product-preserving functor . This in turn is mapped, by the second equivalence, to the functor that takes a weight to the corresponding weighted colimit of :
Of course, the inverse equivalence just the evaluation at the object of .
We thus have a formula for the monoidal product on :
A cartesian operad consists of
A functor ,
A natural transformation ,
A natural transformation
satisfying monoid axioms. By the Yoneda lemma, the unit is given by an element . The multiplication consists of a natural transformation
which in turn consists of maps
natural in the argument “” (for -element sets) and dinatural in .
The maps take on a more operad-like appearance if we take advantage of cartesian structure: if is a coproduct decomposition in (dual to a product decomposition in ), with summand inclusion maps denoted (dual to projection maps; cf. the proof of lemma 1), then we have composites
that is to say, maps
this makes the connection with operads clear.
In the literature on universal algebra, the usual term for a cartesian operad is “clone” (or rather, one usually speaks of the clone of an algebraic theory, which we are repackaging here as a cartesian operad). The following is taken from Gould, definition 1.2.1,
A clone consists of
A sequence of sets ;
For every , a function ;
For each , elements
such that
For , , and ,
For ,
For ,
To extract a functor from such data, define , for a function between finite sets, by the formula
The unit is given by . It is not hard to verify that under these definitions, is functorial and (as assembled from the maps ) is natural. The first equation in the definition of clone expresses the associativity of .
Each cartesian operad induces a monad on any cmc category , as follows. By definition of cartesian operad, we have an induced monad
that is cocontinuous and preserves finite products. It follows that we have a an induced monad
which may be transferred across the equivalence to give a monad on . Following the constructions above, sends an object to the object named by the composite
which boils down to the weighted colimit
An -algebra in is an algebra over the monad .
If is an FP category and is an object of , there is a tautological cartesian operad attached to , familiarly known as an “endomorphism operad”. Concretely, this is the functor whose value at is
and where the operadic multiplication maps
are given intuitively by substituting or plugging in -ary operations into an -ary function , to produce an -ary operation. More formally, one forms the composite
It is not difficult to calculate that this does indeed give a cartesian operad. It’s even easier to just believe this without even bothering to calculate! (From a logical standpoint, one could argue that since this is just an assertion of equational or FP logic, it suffices to verify the claim just in the case , since we can invoke the Yoneda embedding [which preserves and reflects FP logic] and then just argue pointwise. And of course everyone and his uncle knows it’s true in the case .)
However, these facts can also be cleanly deduced on abstract grounds. Each object of a cmc category corresponds to a cocontinuous product-preserving map
which is left adjoint to the functor obtained by “currying” the functor
This observation is very old, going back to the 1958 paper Kan. It applies equally well if we replace by the cmc category (where we now need only that is a finite-product category) and replace by the hom-functor . For in that case, it follows easily from the Yoneda lemma that the curryed (curried?) functor is nothing but
(note this is well-defined – and no need to worry over the fact that is not locally small; we just need to be locally small to apply the Yoneda lemma).
In other words, we have an adjoint pair
where both the left and right adjoint are manifestly (small-)cocontinuous and finite-product-preserving. Their composite yields a monad, i.e., a monoid in the endofunctor category of cocontinuous, product-preserving functors. This in turn gives a cartesian operad
and it is nothing but the endomorphism operad attached to (we could take it as the abstract definition of the endomorphism operad).
Let be a cmc category, and let be a cartesian operad. Then algebra structures over the monad are in canonical bijection with morphisms of cartesian operads .
Once again, this result is entirely expected for anyone familiar with ordinary operad theory. Roughly speaking, an -algebra structure is given by a collection of maps
which corresponds to a collection of morphisms
and the claim is that the conditions that be an algebra structure correspond exactly to the conditions that the constitute a morphism of cartesian operads.
This follows from a routine but slightly tedious calculation, or from a more abstract argument which we now give. According to our abstract definition of the endomorphism operad, a morphism of cartesian operads corresponds exactly to a morphism of monoids in ,
or in other words a morphism of monads (where here denotes the right adjoint and the left adjoint ).
Generally speaking, there are a couple of equivalent ways of viewing a morphism of monads :
As a left action , or
As a right action
where “action” has the usual meaning (involving a unit axiom and an associativity axiom). This is another very old observation, going back in this case to the 1965 paper of Eilenberg and Moore. If we choose the right action, then in the case at hand we are led to a natural transformation of the form
i.e., a transformation
satisfying action axioms.
Let be a cartesian operad. The prop of is the category whose objects are natural numbers and whose hom-sets are defined by the formula
The unit is given by the -tuple
where in names the element . The composition
takes a pair , to the element given by
has finite products, where the product of two objects is , where the product projections , are defined by
With this structure, is a Lawvere theory.
For the endomorphism operad of a finite-product category, the homs of are given by , with compositions given by composition in .
There is an equivalence between the category of cartesian operads and the category of Lawvere theories,
taking a cartesian operad to .
For the inverse equivalence : if is a Lawvere theory (with product-preserving map on the category of finite cardinals and functions giving an isomorphism between object sets), we get a functor which carries a structure of cartesian operad, which we will denote as .
Under the identification of cartesian operads with clones, this theorem is well-known and goes back to Lawvere’s thesis. See for instance theorem 1.5.5 of Gould.
Let be a cmc category, and let be a Lawvere theory. The cartesian operad induces a monad on , as in definition 3. The category of models of is by definition the category of product-preserving functors
The forgetful functor obtained by evaluating at is monadic, via an equivalence -.
Using the development above, we have equivalences between
Product-preserving functors with underlying object ;
Morphisms of Lawvere theories ;
Morphisms of cartesian operads (theorem 2);
Algebra structures of the monad induced from (theorem 1).
It is straightforward to check that transformations between product preserving functors , uniquely induced from the component at given by a map in , correspond precisely to such that are -algebra maps.
The development given above for cartesian operads can be carried out analogously for other sorts of operads, perhaps along the following lines.
Let be a 2-monad on the 2-category of locally small categories lying over the 2-monad whose pseudo-algebras are monoidal categories, so that there is a given 2-monad morphism . We probably want to assume is a strict 2-monad and is a strict 2-monad morphism, even though we will deal with pseudo-algebras over such. Possibly we also want to assume that is essentially surjective on objects and even an isomorphism on objects (although that could be considered “evil”), or better, that is eso and faithful. (Cf. ternary factorization systems on .) Roughly speaking, this would mean that the only type constructor on is given by a binary symbol , representing a monoidal product, but the monoidal product can be enhanced by other structural data.
We will also suppose that comes equipped with a distributive law
that is compatible with the usual distributive law on which Day convolution is based. With the distributive law , which we could view as an enhanced Day convolution, we get an accompanying 2-monad structure on .
Examples of such include
The doctrine of symmetric monoidal categories,
The doctrine of braided monoidal categories,
The doctrine of cartesian monoidal categories,
The doctrine of affine monoidal categories,
to name just a few.
Under our assumptions, the free -algebra on one generator is , and for any -algebra there is an equivalence
where denotes the category of -algebra maps. In particular, for , we have an equivalence
so that the monoidal structure on the left given by endofunctor composition may be transferred across the equivalence to give a monoidal category structure on , playing the role of plethysm appropriate to the doctrine . The monoidal product will be denoted , and the monoidal unit ; here where is the generator.
A -operad is a monoid in the monoidal category .
The objects of may be considered as abstract arities. If is a -algebra and is an object of , then it may be suggestive to write for the value of an arity under the unique -algebra map carrying the generator to . Then we have a coend formula for the -plethysm product of two -species :
and accordingly one can write out a relatively “concrete” description of the structure of a -operad.
Of course has an underlying monoidal category (by pulling back the -algebra structure along ), so that arities may be tensored; it is suggestive to write for the monoidal product of arities .
If is a -operad, then the -algebra map
carries a monad structure, and it follows that for any -algebra