nLab Werner Heisenberg

Selected writings

Selected writings

Introducing quantum mechanics in the form of matrix mechanics:

and recognizing the matrices in matrix mechanics:

Introducing the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics:

  • Werner Heisenberg: Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik, Zeitschrift für Physik 43 (1927) 172–198 [doi:10.1007/BF01397280, pdf]

    (where it is announced as equation (1) and established as equation (6))

with English translation (or something close) in

  • The actual content of quantum theoretical kinematics and mechanics, NASA Technical Memorandum NAS 1.15:77379 (1983) [pdf, pdf]

Introducing what came to be known as the Heisenberg spin chain model:

Introducing the Schwinger effect of vacuum polarization:

On quantum physics and the potentiality of quantum states:

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Last revised on February 1, 2026 at 10:26:21. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.