Contents

category theory

# Contents

## Definitions

### Abstract definition

###### Definition

Two categories with the same collection of objects with an identity-on-objects functor is a category $C$ enriched in the arrow category $Set^I$ of Set.

### By components

First, we distinguish between a category, and a category structure on a collection of objects, in the same way one does between a proset and a preorder, the equivalence relation structure on a collection of objects, in (0, 1)-category theory.

###### Definition

A category structure on a collection of objects $Ob$ is a family of sets $Mor(x, y)$ whose elements are called morphisms, indexed by objects $x:Ob$ and $y:Ob$, such that

• for each object $x:Ob$, a morphism $\mathrm{id}_x:Mor(x, x)$
• for each object $x:Ob$, $y:Ob$, and $z:Ob$, a function $\circ_{x, y, z}:Mor(y, z) \times Mor(x, y) \to Mor(x, z)$

such that

• for each object $x:Ob$ and $y:Ob$ and morphism $f:Mor(x, y)$, $f \circ_{x, y, z} \mathrm{id}_x = \mathrm{id}_x$ and $\mathrm{id}_y \circ_{x, y, z} f = \mathrm{id}_y$.
• for each object $x:Ob$, $y:Ob$, $z:Ob$, $w:Ob$ and morphism $f:Mor(x, y)$, $g:Mor(y, z)$, $h:Mor(z, w)$,
$h \circ_{x, z, w} (g \circ_{x, y, z} f) = (h \circ_{y, z, w} g) \circ_{x, y, w} f$

###### Definition

A category $C$ is a collection $Ob$ with a category structure $Mor(x, y)$ indexed by objects $x:Ob$ and $y:Ob$.

###### Definition

Two categories with the same collection of objects $A$ and $B$ is a collection $Ob$ with two category structures $Mor_A(x, y)$ and $Mor_B(x, y)$ indexed by objects $x:Ob$ and $y:Ob$. The categories $A$ and $B$ are defined to be $(Ob, Mor_A)$ and $(Ob, Mor_B)$ respectively.

###### Definition

An identity-on-objects functor between two categories with the same collection of objects $A$ and $B$ is a family of functions $F_{Mor}(x, y):Mor_A(x, y) \to Mor_B(x, y)$ which preserve the category structure on the type families:

• composition of morphisms is preserved: for all morphisms $f:Mor_A(x, y)$ and $g:Mor_B(y, z)$, $F_{Mor}(x, z)(g \circ^A_{x, y, z} f) = F_{Mor}(y, z)(g) \circ^B_{x, y, z} F_{Mor}(x, y)(f)$,

• identity morphisms are preserved: $F_{Mor}(x, x)(id^A_x) = id^B_x$.

### Historical note

#### The notion of two categories with the same collection of objects

What does it mean for two categories to have the same collection of objects?

The current definition defines such a structure as having one collection of object and two category structures. In type theory, this could equivalently be defined as actually two categories $A$ and $B$ whose collections of objects are judgmentally equal to each other: $Ob_A \equiv Ob_B$.

Historically, authors have tried to use propositional equality to define two categories with the same collection of objects. However, this runs into a number of problems:

• In material set theories, one could postulate the condition that $Ob = ob(A) = ob(B)$. However, it mentions equality of sets, which means that the definition violates the principle of equivalence.

• In structural set theory such as SEAR or ETCS with elements, one can’t use equality of sets to define “having the same object”, since where there is no notion of equality of sets, only equality of functions, relations, and elements. One could instead use bijection, but that leads to a different concept, the notion of bijective-on-objects functor.

• In type theory, propositional equality is represented by the identity type or the path type, but doesn’t actually have to be valued in propositions. One postulates the existence of identifications $a:Ob =_\mathcal{U} ob(A)$ and $b:Ob =_\mathcal{U} ob(B)$, resulting in an identification $a^{-1} b: ob(A) =_\mathcal{U} ob(B)$. But this is additional structure in type theory which results in a different mathematical object than the current definition of an identity-on-objects functor. Additionally, the definition is only valid if the categories are in a type universe. For categories which don’t belong to any universe, one could instead use equivalence, but that leads to a different concept, the notion of equivalent-on-objects functor.

Hence, the notion of “two categories with the same collection of objects” is somewhat of a red herring, because it is defined as an object with two category structures, rather than two categories with the same collection of objects.

#### Is the identity-on-objects functor a functor?

Historically, the notion of identity-on-objects functor in between two categories with the same collection of objects was defined to be an actual functor, additionally having a function on the objects $F_{Ob}:Ob_C \to Ob_C$ which is the identity function on $Ob_C$. This was where the original name “identity-on-objects functor” comes from. The problem with this definition is twofold:

As a result, the current definition of an identity-on-objects functor, valid in all foundations and respecting the principle of equivalence, was adopted, which doesn’t have such an identity function on the objects. However, the name “identity-on-objects functor” then becomes a red herring, since it is not actually a functor between the two objects collections.

## Contravariant endofunctor which is the identity-on-objects

Sometimes we want an identity-on-objects functor which behaves like a contravariant endofunctor. In this case, one does not need the notion of “two categories with the same collection of objects”.

###### Definition

A contravariant endofunctor which is the identity-on-objects on a category $C$ is a family of functions $F_{Mor}(x, y):Mor(x, y) \to Mor(y, x)$ such that

• composition of morphisms is reversed: for all morphisms $f: Mor_A(x, y)$ and $g:Mor_B(y, z)$, $F_{Mor}(x, z)(g \circ_{x, y, z} f) = F_{Mor}(x, y)(f) \circ_{x, y, z} F_{Mor}(y, z)(g)$,

• identity morphisms are preserved: $F_{Mor}(x, x)(id_x) = id_x$.

This is used in particular for defining dagger categories and groupoids.

## Examples

• A dagger category is a category $\mathcal{C}$ with an identity-on-objects contravariant endofunctor $(-)^{\dagger_{A, B}}:Mor(A,B) \to Mor(B, A)$, such that for all objects $A:\mathcal{C}$ and $B:\mathcal{C}$ and morphisms $f:Hom(A,B)$, $(f^{\dagger_{A, B}})^{\dagger_{B, A}} = f$.

• A groupoid is a category $\mathcal{C}$ with an identity-on-objects contravariant endofunctor $(-)^{(-1)_{A, B}}:Mor(A,B) \to Mor(B, A)$ such that for all objects $A:\mathcal{C}$ and $B:\mathcal{C}$ and morphisms $f:Hom(A,B)$, $f \circ f^{(-1)_{A, B}} = id_B$ and $f^{(-1)_{A, B}} \circ f = id_A$.

Last revised on August 29, 2022 at 23:29:11. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.