nLab rigged Hilbert space

Contents

Contents

Idea

The notion of rigged Hilbert spaces serves to treat spectral theory of normal unbounded operators on a Hilbert space much as if it were about actual eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It may be used to make rigorous the idea of eigenstates for quantum observables as used in quantum mechanics.

Example

Let HH be the Hilbert space L 2(,dx)L^2(\mathbb{R}, d x) consisting of square integrable functions ff with respect to Lebesgue measure. There is an unbounded self-adjoint operator

m x: H H f xf, \array{ m_x \,\colon\, & H &\longrightarrow& H \\ & f &\mapsto& x \cdot f \mathrlap{\,,} }

where

(xf)(y)yf(y). (x \cdot f)(y) \coloneqq y f(y) \,.

This operator is not defined on all of HH, but it is defined on a dense subspace of HH. For example, if SS is the Schwartz space consisting of smooth functions ff on \mathbb{R} all of whose derivatives f (n)(x)f^{(n)}(x) decay rapidly at infinity (more rapidly than any negative power of |x||x|), then there is a dense inclusion map i:SHi: S \to H, and m xm_x is defined globally on SS.

Meanwhile the Schwartz space SS carries its own topology (as described in the article distribution), stronger than the topology it inherits from HH, and the space of tempered distributions S *S^* is defined to be the continuous dual of the topological vector space SS. Since the continuous inclusion i:SHi: S \to H is dense, it follows that any continuous functional

f:Sf: S \to \mathbb{C}

has at most one extension to a continuous functional HH \to \mathbb{C}. In other words, the adjoint map

i *:H *S *i^*: H^* \to S^*

is injective. In addition, the topology on SS is such that the operator m x:SSm_x: S \to S is continuous.

In this example, there is a dense inclusion SS *S \to S^* defined by the inner product pairing, and the operator m xm_x extends uniquely to an operator S *S *S^* \to S^*, called m xm_x by abuse of notation. Again, in this example, the operator m x:S *S *m_x: S^* \to S^* has an eigenvector s ξs_{\xi} for each ξ\xi \in \mathbb{R}:

m x(s ξ)=ξs ξm_x(s_{\xi}) = \xi s_{\xi}

Ugh. Lousy start on something that would be nice to understand properly. Maybe an expert can help out. John, you there?

References

Among the original treatises on the theory of rigged Hilbert spaces is

A unification of various inequivalent approaches is claimed to be achieved in

  • M. Gadella, F. Gómez, A Unified Mathematical Formalism for the Dirac Formulation of Quantum Mechanics, Foundations of Physics 32 (2002) 815–869, doi:10.1023/A:1016069311589

See also

  • S. Wickramasekara, A. Bohm, Symmetry Representations in the Rigged Hilbert Space Formulation of Quantum Mechanics (arXiv)

Rigged Hilbert spaces are also known as Gelfand triples, written about in his series on generalized functions

  • Gel’fand, I. M., and Shilov, Georgiĭ Evgenʹevich. Generalized Functions. United States, American Mathematical Society, (2016)

See also

Discussion on MathOverflow

Last revised on May 16, 2023 at 05:12:16. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.