# nLab specialization topology

### Context

#### Topology

topology

algebraic topology

# The specialisation topology

## Idea

The specialisation topology, also called the Alexandroff topology, is a natural structure of a topological space induced on the underlying set of a preordered set. This is similar to the Scott topology, which is however coarser.

Spaces with this topology, called Alexandroff spaces and named after Paul Alexandroff (Pavel Aleksandrov), should not be confused with Alexandrov spaces (which arise in differential geometry and are named after Alexander Alexandrov).

## Definition

###### Definition

Let $P$ be a preordered set.

Declare subset $A$ of $P$ to be an open subset if it is upwards-closed. That is, if $x \leq y$ and $x \in A$, then $y \in A$.

This defines a topology on $P$, called the specialization topology or Alexandroff topology.

###### Remark

One may also use the convention that the open sets are the downwards-closed subsets; this is the specialisation topology on the opposite $P^\op$.

## Properties

### General

###### Proposition

Every finite topological space is an Alexandroff space.

###### Proposition

A preorder $P$ is a poset if and only if its specialisation topology is $T_0$.

###### Proposition

A function between preorders is order-preserving if and only if it is a continuous map with respect to the specialisation topology.

### Alexandroff topological spaces

###### Definition

An Alexandroff space is a topological space for which arbitrary (as opposed to just finite) intersections of open subsets are still open.

Write

$AlexTop \hookrightarrow Top$

for the full subcategory of Top on the Alexandroff spaces.

###### Proposition

Every Alexandroff space is obtained by equipping its specialization order with the Alexandroff topology.

###### Corollary

The specialization topology embeds the category $\Pros$ of preordered sets fully-faithfully in the category Top of topological spaces.

$Proset \hookrightarrow Top \,.$

If we restrict to a finite underlying set, then the categories $\Fin\Pros$ and $\Fin\Top$ of finite prosets and finite topological spaces are equivalent in this way.

### Alexandroff locales

###### Definition

Write $AlexLocale$ for the non-full subcategory of Locale whose

• objects are Alexandroff locales, that is locales of the form $Alex P$ for $P\in Poset$ with $Open(Alex(P)) = UpSets(P)$;

• morphisms are those morphisms of locales $f\colon Alex P \to Alex Q$, for which the dual inverse image morphism of frames $f^*\colon UpSet(Q) \to UpSet(P)$ has a left adjoint $f_!\colon UpSet(P) \to UpSet(Q)$.

This appears as (Caramello, p. 55).

###### Remark

By the definition of the 2-category Locale (see there), this means that $AlexPoset$ consists of those morphisms which have right adjoints in Locale.

###### Proposition

The functor $Alex\colon Poset \to Locale$ factors through $AlexLocale$ and exhibits an equivalence of categories

$Alex\colon Poset \stackrel{\simeq}{\to} AlexLocale \,.$

This appears as (Caramello, theorem 4.2).

###### Proposition

The category of Alexandroff locales is equivalent to that of completely distributive algebraic lattices.

This appears as (Caramello, remark 4.3).

## References

The original article is

Details on Alexandroff spaces are in

• F. Arenas, Alexandroff spaces, Acta Math. Univ. Comenianae Vol. LXVIII, 1 (1999), pp. 17–25 (pdf)

• Timothy Speer, A Short Study of Alexandroff Spaces (pdf)

A useful discussion of the abstract relation between posets and Alexandroff locales is in section 4.1 of

• Olivia Caramello, A topos-theoretic approach to Stone-type dualities (arXiv:1103.3493)