nLab Sandbox

References

• Kerem Halil Shah, Daniel Kuan Li Oi, Ancilla Driven Quantum Computation with arbitrary entangling strength, Theory of Quantum Computation 22 (2013) [arXiv:1303.2066, doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2013.1]

• Yuan Liang Lim, Almut Beige, Leong Chuan Kwek, Repeat-Until-Success Quantum Computing, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 030505 [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.030505, arXiv:quant-ph/0408043]

• Adam Paetznick, Krysta M. Svore, Repeat-Until-Success: Non-deterministic decomposition of single-qubit unitaries, Quantum Information & Computation 14 15-16 (2014) 1277-1301 [arXiv:1311.1074, doi:10.5555/2685179.2685181]

---

Testing

Please rerender the previous link…

(This article is about primitive elements in coalgebra theory, not about primitive elements for finite field extensions.)

Definition

Working over a commutative ring $R$, recall that a unital or coaugmented coalgebra is an $R$-coalgebra $(C, \Delta: C \to C \otimes_R C, \epsilon: C \to R)$ equipped with a coalgebra map $u: R \to C$. Abusing notation, denote $u(1) \in C$ by $1$.

Primitive element in a coalgebra

An element $x$ in a coalgebra $C$ is primitive if $\Delta(x) = 1\otimes x + x\otimes 1$. This condition implies $\epsilon(x) = 0$.

This notion generalizes straightforwardly to unital corings over $R$ and even more generally to any comonoid object in a CMon-enriched monoidal category (see below).

Primitive element in a comodule

Let $N$ be a comodule over $C$, with co-action map $\Psi \colon N \longrightarrow C \otimes_R N$. Then an element $n \in N$ is called a primitive element or coinvariant if $\Psi(n) = 1 \otimes n$.

The $R$-module $prim(N)$ of primitive elements of $N$ is naturally to

1. the module of comodule homomorphisms out of $R$ into $N$

   $$prim(N) \simeq Hom_{C}(R,N) \,.$$

2. the cotensor product of $N$ with $A$

   $$prim(N) \simeq A \Box_R N \,.$$

Object of primitive elements of a comonoid in a $CMon$-enriched monoidal category

Let $(C,\Delta,\epsilon)$ be a comonoid object in a CMon-enriched monoidal category $(\mathcal{C},\otimes,I)$. The object $P$ of primitive elements of $C$ is defined if it exists, as the coequalizer in this diagram:

…

Proposition

If the comonoid $C$ admits an object $P$ of primitive elements, we then have:

…

Properties

Primitives in a Hopf algebra

A straightforward calculation shows that the module of primitive elements in a Hopf algebra $H$ (or even in a bialgebra $H$) is a Lie subalgebra of the underlying Lie algebra of $H$ (whose bracket is the algebra commutator). Thus, taking primitive elements yields a functor

$$P: HopfAlg \to LieAlg$$

(and of course we have more generally a functor $P: BiAlg \to LieAlg$ which is an extension along the full inclusion $HopfAlg \to BiAlg$).

For a Lie algebra $L$, let $U(L)$ be its universal enveloping algebra:

$$U(L) = T(L)/I$$

where $I$ is the two-sided ideal generated by elements of the form $x y - y x - [x, y]$ where $x, y \in L$. This carries a bialgebra structure whose comultiplication $\delta: U(L) \to U(L) \otimes U(L)$ is uniquely determined by the rule $\delta(x) = 1 \otimes x + x \otimes 1$ for $x \in L$. Since this says $x \in L$ is primitive, the counit $\epsilon: U(L) \to R$ is forced to be the algebra map such $\epsilon(x) = 0$ for all $x \in L$, and also the Hopf antipode is uniquely determined: $\sigma(x) = -x$ for $x \in L$.

The following proposition is entirely straightfoward:

Proposition

The functor $U: LieAlg \to BiAlg$ is left adjoint to the functor $P: BiAlg \to LieAlg$.

This result is essentially tautologous and holds for any commutative ring of arbitrary characteristic. (This despite the fact that the $U(L)$ as defined above is not as well-behaved in nonzero characteristic as one might like; e.g. the PBW theorem fails.) More information on this adjunction may require more restrictive hypotheses:

Proposition

For $R = k$ a field of characteristic zero, the unit $L \to P U(L)$ is an isomorphism.

An immediate consequence is that for such ground fields $k$, the functor $U: LieAlg \to BiAlg$ is fully faithful. Of course, $U$ lands in the full subcategory of cocommutative Hopf algebras, which is exactly the category of group objects in the cartesian monoidal category of cocommutative coalgebras.

The Milnor-Moore theorem gives further information: for Hopf algebras over a field of characteristic zero, the counit $U P(H) \to H$ is a monomorphism, and an isomorphism in case $H$ satisfies a suitable conilpotency condition.

(More needs to be added.)