# Prometric spaces

## Definitions

Let $X$ be an abstract set. For purposes of this definition, let a distance function on $X$ be a nonnegative-extended-real-valued binary function on $X$; that is, a function $d\colon X \times X \to [0,\infty]$.

(For most purposes, we may assume that these distance functions are pointwise-bounded: taking only finite values. On the other hand, for full generality in constructive mathematics, we must allow the distance functions to take nonnegative extended upper real values, although again we may assume them to be pointwise-bounded and pointwise-located for many purposes.)

Let $G$ be a collection of such distance functions.

### Elementary axioms

Consider the following potential properties of $G$:

1. Reflexivity: For every $d \in G$ and $x \in X$, we have $d(x,x) = 0$.

2. Transitivity (a version of the triangle identity): For any $d \in G$ there exists an $e \in G$ with

$d(x,z) \leq e(x,y) + e(y,z)$

for all $x,y,z \in X$.

3. Symmetry: For every $d \in G$, there is an $e \in G$ with $d(x,y) \leq e(y,x)$ for all $x,y \in X$. (In light of Isotony below, we may require $d(x,y) = e(y,x)$.)

4. Nontriviality: There exists a $d \in G$. (In light of Isotony below, we may require $d(x,y) = 0$ for all $x,y \in X$.)

5. Filtration: For all $d,e \in G$, there is an $f \in G$ with $d(x,y) \leq f(x,y)$ and $e(x,y) \leq f(x,y)$ for all $x,y \in X$. (In light of Isotony below, we may require $f(x,y) = \max(d(x,y), e(x,y))$ for all $x,y \in X$.)

6. Isotony: If $d \in G$ and $e$ is a distance function with $e(x,y) \leq d(x,y)$ for all $x,y \in X$, then $e \in G$.

### Sophisticated axioms

With the aid of abstract algebra? (but nothing too fancy), we may view these same 6 axioms in another light, as follows.

First, the function set $[0,\infty]^{X \times X}$ of all distance functions $d\colon X \times X \to [0,\infty]$ on $X$ is a lattice $*$-monoid under these operations:

• The order $\leq$ is given pointwise:

$d \leq e \;\iff\; \forall(x,y\colon X),\; d(x,y) \leq e(x,y) .$
• The corresponding join operation $\vee$ is also pointwise:

$(d \vee e)(x,y) \coloneqq \max(d(x,y), e(x,y)) .$
• The corresponding bottom element is the zero function $0$:

$0(x,y) \coloneqq 0 .$
• The monoid operation $\circ$ is defined so:

$(d \circ e)(x,z) \coloneqq \inf_{y \in X} (d(x,y) + e(y,z)) .$
• The corresponding identity element is the infinite Kronecker delta $\delta$:

$\delta(x,y) \coloneqq \begin{cases} 0 & if\; x = y,\\ \infty & if\; x \ne y. \end{cases}$

(This works in constructive mathematics because we are using extended upper reals; $\delta(x,y)$ is the infimum of the set $\{ t\colon \mathbb{R} \;|\; t = 0 \;\wedge\; x = y \}$.)

• The involution $d \mapsto d^{\op}$ is defined so:

$d^{\op}(x,y) \coloneqq d(y,x) .$

Then the same 6 axioms may be expressed as follows:

1. Reflexivity: For every $d \in G$, we have $d \leq \delta$.

2. Transitivity: For every $d \in G$, there exists $e \in G$ such that $d \leq e \circ e$.

3. Symmetry: For every $d \in G$, there exists $e \in G$ such that $d \leq e^{\op}$. (In light of Isotony, we may require $d = e^op$; in other words, $d^op \in G$.)

4. Nontriviality: There exists a $d \in G$. (In light of Isotony, we may require $d = 0$.)

5. Filtration: For all $d,e \in G$, there is an $f \in G$ with $d \leq f$ and $e \leq f$. (In light of Isotony, we may require $f = d \vee e$.)

6. Isotony: If $d \in G$ and $e$ is a distance function with $e \leq d$, then $e \in G$.

It is possible to generate these even more systematically by specifying a proarrow equipment and considering the (possibly symmetric) pro-monads in it; see the Categorial interpretation below.

### Unbiased versions

Reflexivity and Transitivity are a binary–nullary pair whose unbiased combination is as follows:

• Elementary version: For every natural number $n = 0,1,2,\ldots$ and every $d \in G$, there exists $e \in G$ with

$d(x_0,x_n) \leq \sum_{i \lt n} e(x_i,x_{i+})$

for each list $x_0,\ldots,x_n \in X$.

• Sophisticated version: For every natural number $n = 0,1,2,\ldots$ and every $d \in G$, there exists $e \in G$ such that $d \leq e^{\circ n}$.

We can combine these with Symmetry by generalizing $n$ from a natural number to a list $\epsilon$ of bits and replacing $e(x_i,x_{i+})$ with $e(x_{i+},x_i)$ (that is, replacing $e$ with $e^{\op}$ in the $i$th position) when $\epsilon_i = 1$.

Similarly, Nontriviality and Filtration are a binary–nullary pair whose unbiased version states (in light of Isotony) closure under finitary joins; but this is properly discussed at ideal.

### Structures and spaces

A collection $G$ of distance functions that satisfies all of (1–6) is a prometric; if we drop (3), then we still have a quasi-prometric. If we are working with quasi-prometrics generally, then one that happens to satisfy (3) is called symmetric; in other words, a prometric is precisely a symmetric quasi-prometric.

Finally, a prometric space is a set equipped with a prometric, and likewise a quasi-prometric space is a set equipped with a quasi-prometric.

### Generating (quasi)-prometrics

We sometimes wish to consider collections of distance functions that generate (quasi)-prometrics. In the following table, a collection $G$ satisfying the conditions listed on the left has the name on the right:

ConditionsName
1,2pre-quasi-prometric
1,2,3pre-prometric
4,5ideal base
1,2,  4,5quasi-prometric base
1,2,3,4,5prometric base
4,5,6ideal
1,2,  4,5,6quasi-prometric
1,2,3,4,5,6prometric

Here we always use the original (either elementary or sophisticated) formulation of (3–5); one might consider what it means if these satisfy the stronger versions rewritten in light of Isotony, but it's getting a bit far along into centipede mathematics to actually give these things names.

A (quasi)-prometric base is precisely an ideal base whose generated ideal is a (quasi)-prometric. We may also speak of a (quasi)-prometric subbase as an ideal subbase (that is, an arbitrary collection) whose generated ideal base is a (quasi)-prometric base, or equivalently whose generated ideal is a (quasi)-prometric. A pre-(quasi)-prometric is always a (quasi)-prometric subbase, but not conversely; but thinking too hard about subbases risks more centipedes.

A pre-quasi-prometric is symmetric if its generated quasi-prometric is symmetric (hence a prometric); a quasi-prometric base is symmetric iff it is a prometric base (and the analogous result holds for subbases), but a symmetric pre-quasi-prometric need not be a pre-prometric. Some authors may require a strong version of Symmetry in which the distance functions $d$ are all individually required to be symmetric; that is, $d(x,y) = d(y,x)$ (or simply $d = d^{\op}$). Every prometric has a base with this property; in particular, if $G$ is a prometric, then

$\{ d \in G \;|\; d = d^{\op} \}$

is a prometric base that generates $G$, and it is this base that some authors may refer to as the prometric itself. (I write ‘some authors may’, but there are few authors on this subject; still, it's the sort of thing that somebody might do.)

A pre-quasi-prometric $G$ is pointwise-bounded if every $d \in G$ is pointwise-bounded; that is, $d(x,y) \lt \infty$ for every $x,y \in X$ (or simply $d \lt \infty$). If $G$ is a (quasi)-prometric, then

$G_b \coloneqq \{ d \in G \;|\; d \lt \infty \}$

is a (quasi)-prometric that is very similar to $G$ (in particular, they are uniformly equivalent?), and some authors may prefer to work with $G_b$. Indeed, when pointwise boundedness is not required, some authors may call the structure extended, as an instance of the red herring principle. However, requiring pointwise boundedness interferes with the more sophisticated approaches to (quasi)-prometrics; in particular, $\delta$ is not pointwise-bounded. (It is possible that prometric spaces would work better with a closure condition that would make $G_b$ generate $G$.)

Most definitions are no more complicated when phrased in terms of (quasi)-prometric bases or even pre-(quasi)-prometrics, and some constructions give one of these more naturally than the generated (quasi)-prometric. When working in predicative mathematics, it is preferable to work exclusively with (quasi)-prometric bases, as the generated (quasi)-prometric will typically be a proper class. However, it is ultimately the generated (quasi)-prometric (even if referred to only obliquely) that matters.

Any (quasi)-gauge is a (quasi)-prometric base; similarly, given any (quasi)-pseudometric $d$, the singleton $\{d\}$ is a (quasi)-prometric base (and its generated (quasi)-gauge in turn generates the same (quasi)-prometric). One might call a (quasi)-prometric (space) simple if it is generated in this way by a (quasi)-pseudometric; this term is used analogously in the theory of syntopogenous spaces, but the term (quasi)-pseudometrizable is more likely to be understood. (See Subcategories below.)

## Morphisms

A short map between (quasi)-prometric spaces $X$ and $Y$ is a function $f:X\to Y$ such that for every $d\in G_Y$, we have $d\circ (f\times f) \in G_X$. We write $ProMet$ for the category of prometric spaces and short maps, and similarly $QProMet$ for the category of quasi-prometric spaces and short maps.

If the (quasi)-prometrics of $X$ and $Y$ are presented by bases, then this is equivalent to saying that for any basic distance function $d$ on $Y$, there is a basic $e$ on $X$ such that $d(f(x),f(x'))\le e(x,x')$ for all $x,x'\in X$. Thus, for (quasi)-pseudometric spaces and (quasi)-gauge spaces considered as (quasi)-prometric spaces, this reduces to the usual notion of short map (i.e., distance-decreasing map). Hence the category $Gau$ of gauge spaces and short maps is included as a full subcategory of $ProMet$, and similarly with $QGau$ in $QProMet$.

## Subcategories

Since $Gau$ includes the categories of metric spaces and uniform spaces (disjointly), so does $ProMet$. Likewise, since $QGau$ includes the category of topological spaces (disjointly from metric and uniform spaces), so does $QProMet$.

There is also another embedding of $Unif$ into $ProMet$, however, which is notably simpler than its embedding into $Gau$ (both easier to state and not using dependent choice). Given a uniform space $X$, we define for each entourage $U\subseteq X\times X$ a distance function

$d_U(x,y) = \begin{cases} 0 & (x,y)\in U\\ \infty & (x,y)\notin U. \end{cases}$

(Again, this may be defined constructively as an infimum.) The collection of such $d_U$ is a base for a prometric on $X$. The short maps between such prometric spaces are precisely the uniformly continuous ones, so this defines another embedding of $Unif$ into $ProMet$. The full image of this embedding consists precisely of those prometric spaces generated by a base of $\{0,1\}$-valued functions. Note that replacing $\infty$ by any positive real number also defines an embedding of $Unif$ into $ProMet$, but a yet different one.

Conversely, every prometric induces a uniformity, where the entourages are the sets

$U_{d,\epsilon} = \{ (x,y) \;|\; d(x,y) \lt \epsilon \} .$

In this way every short map induces a uniformly continuous map as well. This operation is compatible with the above inclusions of $Unif$, as well as with the inclusion via $Gau$.

## Categorical interpretation

As observed by Lawvere, an extended quasi-pseudo-metric space is a category enriched over the monoidal category $([0,\infty],\geq,+,0)$. In other words, it is a monoid (or monad) in the bicategory $[0,\infty] Mat$ of matrices with values in this monoidal category. Analogously, an extended quasi-prometric space is a monad in the bicategory $Pro [0,\infty] Mat$ whose hom-categories are the categories of pro-objects in the hom-categories of $[0,\infty] Mat$.

Note that if $Rel = \{0,1\} Mat$ denotes the bicategory of relations in $Set$, then a monad in $Rel$ is a preorder, while a monad in $Pro Rel$ is a quasi-uniform space.

In all these cases, in order to recover the correct notion of morphism abstractly, we must consider monads in a double category or equipment rather than merely a bicategory.

Generalized uniform structures

binary function to $[0,\infty)$quasipseudometricquasiprometricsymmetric binary functionpseudometricprometric