nLab short map

Idea

A short map is a well-behaved sort of morphism of metric spaces (or a generalisation of metric spaces, such as the extended quasi-pseudo-versions, or gauge spaces or prometric spaces).

Remark

Short maps go by many names in the literature, such as non-expansive functions, distance-nonincreasing maps and weak contractions.

Definition

Definition

A function $f\colon X \to Y$ is short if $d_Y\bigl(f(a),f(b)\bigr) \leq d_X(a,b)$ for every $a,b \in X$ where $d_X$ and $d_Y$ are respectively the metrics (or generalisations of metrics) on $X$ and $Y$.

If $X$ and $Y$ are (or may be) gauge spaces and so have several (pseudo)metrics on them, then we require that, for every gauging distance $d$ on $X$, there exists a gauging distance $e$ on $Y$ such that the above inequality holds for all $a$ and $b$.

The category of metric spaces

We define $\mathsf{Met}$ to be the category whose objects are Lawvere metric spaces and whose morphisms are short maps.

$\mathsf{Met}$ is complete and admits a faithful functor from Ban (the category of Banach spaces and short linear operators).

$\mathsf{Met}$ may be made into an $\mathcal{M}$-category by taking short maps as the tight morphisms and some more generous notion of maps (such as continuous maps) as the loose morphisms.

If instead we use ordinary metric spaces, which includes the axioms of finiteness $d(x, y) \lt \infty$, symmetry $d(x, y) = d(y, x)$, and separability ($d(x, y) = 0$ implies $x = y$), then the category $\mathsf{Met}_{ord}$ (with short maps as morphisms) is not so nice as $\mathsf{Met}$. For example, $\mathsf{Met}_{ord}$ fails to have arbitrary products $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$, on account of the finiteness axiom where the putative distance

$$d\bigl((x_i), (y_i)\bigr) = \sup_i d(x_i, y_i)$$

may not exist as a finite number. However, if all the ordinary metric spaces $X_i$ are uniformly bounded in diameter, then this formula does give the product. Note well though that the topology induced by this product will not be the same as the product topology (cf. the discussion below).

Use for denotational semantics

$\mathsf{Met}$ is used to give a denotational semantics to Fuzz, a functional language with a linear type system.

Justification

There are many other kinds of maps between metric spaces; continuous maps and uniformly continuous maps are more general, while isometries and contractions are more restrictive. What's so special about short maps that we consider them the proper morphisms between metric spaces?

One answer is to look at Lawvere's characterisation of metric spaces as certain enriched categories; see Lawvere metric space. Then the short maps are precisely the enriched functors between metric spaces.

Another answer is to consider what the category-theoretic isomorphisms between metric spaces are; by the definition of metric spaces as structured sets, these are the global isometries. So for a good notion of morphism, we need to recover global isometries as isomorphisms. Using continuous or uniformly continuous maps, we recover homeomorphisms or uniform homeomorphisms as isomorphisms, which are too general; this really gives us the category of metrisable topological spaces or of metrisable uniform spaces rather than the category of metric spaces. Using contractions, we do not even get a category; the identity function is not a contraction. We could still use global isometries themselves as morphisms, but since this defines a groupoid, we should look for a more general notion of morphism that still gives global isometries as isomorphism. And short maps do that.

Short maps give the category of metric spaces some nice properties. In particular, $\mathsf{Met}$ is complete, which does not hold using either global isometries or distance-preserving maps as morphisms. This interacts with the properties of the category of Banach spaces; as a Banach space may be defined as a set with compatible vector-space and metric-space structures, so a Banach space morphism is a function that is both linear and short: the short linear maps.

Injective objects in $\mathsf{Met}_{ord}$

In $\mathsf{Met}_{ord}$ every object $X$ admits an injective hull $\varepsilon(X)$. The space $\varepsilon(X)$ is compact if $X$ is compact. Furthermore every compact metric space has an injective boundary that is the smallest subspace $A$ of $X$ such that $\varepsilon(A) = X$.

Related pages

• Lipschitz map
• metric space

References

• Arthur Azevedo de Amorim, Marco Gaboardi, Justin Hsu, Shin-ya Katsumata and Ikram Cherigui, A Semantic Account of Metric Preservation (2017) (arXiv:1702.00374).

Injective objects $\mathsf{Met}_{ord}$ have been studied in

• Aronszajn, Nachman, and Prom Panitchpakdi. “Extension of uniformly continuous transformations and hyperconvex metric spaces.” Pacific Journal of Mathematics 6.3 (1956): 405-439.

• Isbell, John R. “Six theorems about injective metric spaces.” Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 39.1 (1964): 65-76.

• Anton Petrunin, “Lectures on metric geometry” 2020, PDF.

An overview of results is included in

• Culbertson, Jared, Dan P. Guralnik, and Peter F. Stiller. Injective metrizability and the duality theory of cubings, Expositiones Mathematicae, 37 4 (2019) 410-453 (arXiv: 1502.00126).