symmetric monoidal (∞,1)-category of spectra
A Hopf algebroid is an associative bialgebroid with an antipode.
A Hopf algebroid is a (possibly noncommutative) generalization of a structure which is dual to a groupoid (equipped with atlas) in the sense of space-algebra duality. This is the concept that generalizes Hopf algebras with their relation to groups from groups to groupoids.
Specifically commutative Hopf algebroids are the internal groupoids in the opposite category of CRing. These arise notably in stable homotopy theory as generalized dual Steenrod algebras for generalized cohomology.
More generally there are Hopf algebroids over a commutative base, examples of which are convolution algebras of Lie groupoids.
In the general case we should distinguish left and right bialgebroids, see bialgebroid.
In one of the versions, a general Hopf algebroid is defined as a pair of a left algebroid and right algebroid together with a linear map from left to right bialgebroid taking the role of an antipode.
Given an internal groupoid in the category of affine algebraic -schemes, where is a field, the -algebras of global sections over the scheme of objects and the scheme of morphisms have an additional structure of a commutative Hopf algebroid. In fact this is an antiequivalence of categories.
These commutative Hopf algebroids play a key role in stable homotopy theory/brave new algebra, as they arise as the dual Steenrod algebras for certain classes of generalized cohomology theories and as such govern the -Adams spectral sequence.
There are several generalizations to the noncommutative case. A difficult part is to work over the noncommutative base (i.e., the object of objects is noncommutative). The definition of a bialgebroid is not that difficult and there is even a very old definition of an equivalent structure due Takeuchi. To add an antipode is nontrivial. A definition of Lu from mid 1990s is rather nonselfdual, unlike the case of Hopf algebras and introduces rather ad hoc certain section map. So a better solution may be even to abandon the idea of an antipode and have some replacement for it. There are two approaches, one due to Day and Street, and another due Gabi Böhm, using pairs of a left and right bialgebroid. Gabi later showed that the two definitions are in fact equivalent.
A definition of an antipode avoiding a section map of Lu, but requiring that the antipode is invertible. In this definition, given a left -bialgebroid , an invertible antipode is an antihomomorphism of algebras with inverse map satisfying
and for every ,
Some authors call this concept a “full Hopf algebroid”.
Let be a unital associative algebra. Then has a structure of a Hopf algebroid, a minimal Hopf algebroid over , with source map , target map , comultiplication , counit and antipode .
Lu (1996) considers this example an analogue of a Poisson groupoid? structure on where is a Poisson manifold, which is itself considered an analogue of a set theoretic course groupoid on where is a set. Thus she calls this example a coarse Hopf algebroid.
Given a Hopf algebra and a braided-commutative algebra in the category of Yetter-Drinfeld modules over , by a result of Brzezinski-Militaru, the smash product algebra is the total algebra of a Hopf algebroid over . This is a noncommutative generalization (of formal dual of) an action groupoid.
This construction is modelled on an earlier variant, first written out by Lu, where is a braided-commutative algebra in the category of modules over , the Drinfeld double of .
The commutative version is classical, and there is an extensive literature, see Hopf algebroids over a commutative base.
Over a noncommutative base ring, there is a nonsymmetric version due J-H. Lu and a similar version is later studied by Ping Xu
The modern concept over the noncommutative base has been discovered by several different people in several different formalisms. Some of the differences are merely cosmetic, but there are at least two main concepts, depending on the underlying concept of ‘bialgebroid’.
Day and Street have a concept of Hopf algebroid here:
In this they start by taking an algebroid to be an “algebra with several objects” in the sense of a -linear category : that is, a -enriched category with . The 2-category of -linear categories, functors and natural transformations is monoidal (where the tensor product of -categories is defined by cartesian product on object sets and tensor product on hom-spaces). So, they define a bialgebroid to be a comonoid in . Because the tensor product is cartesian product on object sets, the comultiplication in such a bialgebroid is forced to be the diagonal on objects. Thus, their notion of bialgebroid amounts to a -linear category equipped with linear maps
satisfying coassociativity, a version of the usual bialgebra axiom, and so on. On page 142 of the above reference they define an antipode on a bialgebroid to be a -linear functor together with a natural isomorphism
A Hopf algebroid is then roughly a bialgebroid with an antipode. With this definition, a Hopf algebra gives a one-object Hopf algebroid.
A different and more widely used concept was developed independently in these two papers, which appeared on the arXiv within a couple of days of each other:
G. Böhm, An alternative notion of Hopf algebroid; in “Hopf algebras in noncommutative geometry and physics”, 31–53, Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math. 239, Dekker, New York, 2005; math.QA/0301169
R. Street, B. Day, Quantum categories, star autonomy, and quantum groupoids, in “Galois Theory, Hopf Algebras, and Semiabelian Categories”, Fields Institute Communications 43 (American Math. Soc. 2004) 187-226; arXiv:math/0301209
and also described in:
This starts with a different concept of bialgebroid, which is discussed here on the nLab. Namely: any -algebra gives a pseudomonoid in the bicategory of k-algebras, bimodules, and bimodule homomorphisms, and a bialgebroid is then an opmonoidal monad on . When the fusion (or Galois) operator for this opmonoidal monad is invertible, we say that is a Hopf algebroid. In G. Böhm’s work this definition is stated in a less compressed, more down-to-earth way.
A class of examples of Hopf algebroids have as underyling algebra the smash product of a Hopf algebra with a Yetter-Drinfeld module algebra over it. These are the scalar extension Hopf algebroids introduced in Brzeziński-Militaru article above modifying slightly a construction of Lu who considered modules over a Drinfeld double instead of Yetter-Drinfeld modules (what is equivalent for finite dimensional Hopf algebras). For a symmetric version see
An internal version of associative bialgebroids over a noncommutative base monoid in a symmetric monoidal category admiting coqualizers commuting with the monoidal product is studied in
The concept of internal bialgebroids over noncommutative base has been refined to an internal version of symmetric Hopf algebroids in
This is actually an exposition of a part of the author’s earlier thesis where also a nontrivial class of examples of Hopf algebroids internal to a symmetric monoidal category of filtered cofiltered vector spaces is described:
A somewhat less canonical version of the same main subexample, written in coordinates, and with somewhat ad hoc treatment of completions (focusing on global cofiltrations only) is in
A definition of a variant of Hopf algebroid which is somewhat similar to Lu’s definition but involves working with a 2-sided ideal, with help of a distinguished „balancing” subalgebra, is in
A notion of multiplier Hopf algebroid is studied in
Further examples and counterexamples
The aim of this note is to communicate a simple example of a Lie-Rinehart algebra whose enveloping algebra is not a Hopf algebroid, neither in the sense of Böhm and Szlachányi, nor in the sense of Lu.
On Hopf-Galois extensions of Hopf algebroids
Last revised on September 9, 2024 at 10:12:54. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.