Contents

category theory

# Contents

## Idea

In as far as the notion of functor generalizes that of function and that of profunctor generalizes that of relation, the notion of graph of a (pro)functor generalizes that of graph of a function.

Just as the graph of a function $f : X \to Y$, or more generally that of a relation $R \subset X \times Y$ for $X,Y \in Set = 0 Cat$ is nothing but the category of elements of the corresponding characteristic function $\chi_R : X \times Y \to (-1)Cat = \{0,1\}$, so the graph of a functor $F\colon C \to D$, or more generally that of a profunctor $H : C^{op} \times D \to 0 Cat = Set$, is nothing but its category of elements, a.k.a. Grothendieck construction.

However, there are a number of different ways to construct such a category of elements, depending on the variance of morphisms in $C$ and $D$ that we include in it. A one-variable functor $C\to Set$ has two categories of elements, one with a projection to $C$ (which is a discrete opfibration) and one with a projection to $C^{op}$ (which is a discrete fibration). Similarly, a two-variable functor such as $H : C^{op}\times D\to Set$ has four categories of elements; thus a profunctor has four different “graphs”. In addition, there are two ways to make a functor into a profunctor, so a functor actually has eight graphs.

## Definition

### Graphs of a profunctor

Let $H:C^{op}\to D$ be a profunctor; it has the following four graphs. In each case, the objects are triples $(c\in C, d\in D, x\in H(c,d)$, but we can take the morphisms $(c,d,x) \to (c',d',x')$ to be any of the following:

• Pairs $(f:c\to c', g:d\to d')$ such that $H(1,g)(x) = H(f,1)(x')$. This graph comes with a projection to $C\times D$, which is a two-sided discrete fibration that is contravariant over $C$ and covariant over $D$.

• Pairs $(f:c'\to c, g:d\to d')$ such that $H(f,g)(x) = x'$. This graph comes with a projection to $C^{op}\times D$, which is a discrete opfibration. It is also the comma category $(*\downarrow H)$:

$\array{ Graph(H) &\to& {*} \\ \downarrow & \swArrow & \downarrow \\ C^{op} \times D &\stackrel{H}{\to}& Set }$
• Pairs $(f:c\to c', g:d'\to d)$ such that $H(f,g)(x') = x$. This graph comes with a projection to $C\times D^{op}$, which is a discrete fibration; it is the opposite of the previous category.

• Pairs $(f:c'\to c, g:d'\to d)$ such that $H(1,g)(x') = H(f,1)(x)$. This graph comes with a projection to $C^{op}\times D^{op}$, which is a two-sided discrete fibration that is covariant over $C^{op}$ and contravariant over $D^{op}$; it is the opposite of the first graph.

If the profunctor is the hom profunctor? of a category $C$, then the first graph is the arrow category of $C$ and the second graph is the twisted arrow category of $C$.

### Graphs of a functor

Let $F:C\to D$ be a functor, and let $F^\bullet : C^{op}\times D \to Set$ and $F_\bullet$ be the corresponding representable profunctors:

$F^\bullet(c,d) = D(F c, d) \qquad F_\bullet(d,c) = D(d,Fc).$

Then the graphs of $F^\bullet$ yield four graphs of $F$, all of whose objects are triples $(c\in C, d\in D, \phi:F c \to d)$, and whose morphisms $(c,d,\phi) \to (c',d',\phi')$ are:

• Pairs $(f:c\to c', g:d\to d')$ such that $\phi' \circ F f = g \circ \phi$. This graph comes with a projection to $C\times D$, which is a two-sided discrete fibration that is contravariant over $C$ and covariant over $D$. It is also the comma category $(F\downarrow Id_D)$:

$\array{ Graph(F) &\to& C \\ \downarrow & \swArrow & \downarrow^F \\ D &\stackrel{Id_D}{\to}& D }$
• Pairs $(f:c'\to c, g:d\to d')$ such that $\phi' = g \circ \phi \circ F f$. This graph comes with a projection to $C^{op}\times D$, which is a discrete opfibration; it is the comma category $(* \downarrow F^\bullet)$.

• Pairs $(f:c\to c', g:d'\to d)$ such that $\phi = g \circ \phi' \circ F f$. This graph comes with a projection to $C\times D^{op}$, which is a discrete fibration; it is the opposite of the preceeding graph.

• Pairs $(f:c'\to c, g:d'\to d)$ such that $\phi \circ F f = g \circ \phi'$. This graph comes with a projection to $C^{op}\times D^{op}$, which is a two-sided discrete fibration that is covariant over $C^{op}$ and contravariant over $D^{op}$; it is the opposite of the first graph of $F^\bullet$.

Similarly, the graphs of $F_\bullet$ yield four graphs of $F$, all of whose objects are triples $(c\in C, d\in D, \psi : d \to F c)$, and whose morphisms $(c,d,\psi) \to (c',d',\psi')$ are:

• Pairs $(f:c\to c', g:d\to d')$ such that $F f \circ \psi = \psi\circ g$. This graph comes with a projection to $C\times D$, which is a two-sided discrete fibration that is covariant over $C^{op}$ and contravariant over $D^{op}$. It is also the comma category $(Id_D \downarrow F)$:

$\array{ Graph(F) &\to& D \\ \downarrow & \swArrow & \downarrow^{Id_D} \\ C &\stackrel{F}{\to}& D }$
• Pairs $(f:c'\to c, g:d\to d')$ such that $\psi' = F f \circ \psi \circ g$. This graph comes with a projection to $C^{op}\times D$, which is a discrete opfibration; it is the comma category $(* \downarrow F^\bullet)$.

• Pairs $(f:c\to c', g:d'\to d)$ such that $\psi = F f \circ \psi' \circ g$. This graph comes with a projection to $C\times D^{op}$, which is a discrete fibration; it is the opposite of the preceeding graph.

• Pairs $(f:c'\to c, g:d'\to d)$ such that $\psi \circ g = F f \circ \psi'$. This graph comes with a projection to $C^{op}\times D^{op}$, which is a two-sided discrete fibration that is contravariant over $C$ and covariant over $D$; it is the opposite of the first graph of $F_\bullet$.

## For higher categories

### In general

For $n \leq \infty$, let $(n-1) Cat$ and $n Cat$ be a realization of the notions of $n$-category of $(n-1)$-categories and of the $(n+1)$-category of $n$-categories, respectively, such that standard constructions of category theory work, in particular a version of the Yoneda lemma. See higher category theory.

Then with $C,D \in n Cat$ let $f : C \to D$ be a ($n$-)functor. By the general logic of profunctors this defines $n$-profunctors

$F^\bullet : C^{op} \times D \stackrel{F^{op} \times Id}{\to} D^{op} \times D \stackrel{D(-,-)}{\to} (n-1) Cat$
$F_\bullet : C \times D^{op} \stackrel{F \times Id}{\to} D^{op} \times D \stackrel{D(-,-)}{\to} (n-1) Cat$

We can then consider analogues of all eight kinds of graphs. For instance, the second kind of graph of $F$ is the fibration $Graph(f) \to C^{op} \times D$ classified by $F^\bullet$.

### For $(\infty,1)$-categories

In the context of $(\infty,1)$-category theory, this graph may be taken to be the fibration classified by $\chi_f : C \times D^{op} \to (\infty,0)$ as described at universal fibration of (∞,1)-categories.

### For (0,0)-categories (sets)

To reproduce the ordinary notion of graph of a function let $(n,r) = (0,0)$. then $(n,r)$-categories $X,Y$ are just sets and a functor $f : X \to Y$ is just a function between sets. Moreover, the category of $(n-1,r) = (-1,0)$-categories is the set $\{0,1\}$ of truth values, as described at (-1)-category. The profunctor corresponding to $f : X \to Y$ is therefore the characteristic function

$\chi_f : X \times Y \to \{0,1\}$

that maps

$\chi_f(x,y) = \left\lbrace \array{ 1 & if f(x) = y \\ 0 & otherwise } \right. \,.$

(Notice that in this case $X^{op} = X$.)

The 2-pullback of ${*} = {1} \to \{0,1\}$ along $\chi_f$ is just the ordinary pullback

$\array{ Graph(f) &\to& {*} \\ \downarrow && \downarrow \\ X \times Y &\stackrel{\chi_f}{\to}& \{0,1\} }$

which identifies $Graph(f) \hookrightarrow X \times Y$ with the subset of pairs $(x,y)$ for which $f(x) = y$. This is the ordinary notion of graph of a function.

Last revised on December 2, 2022 at 12:50:01. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.