nLab
solid functor

Idea

A solid functor (also called a semi-topological functor) is a forgetful functor $U:A\to X$ for which the structure of an $A$-object can be universally lifted along sinks. One can also say that $U$ has not just a left adjoint but all possible “relative” left adjoints.

When $U$ is solid, colimits in $A$ can be constructed in a natural way out of colimits in $X$, and $A$ inherits strong cocompleteness properties from $X$.

Definition

Let $U:A\to X$ be a faithful functor. A $U$-structured sink is a sink in $X$ of the form $(U{a}_i\stackrel{f_i}{\to }x)$. Note that the indexing family $i\in I$ need not be a set, it can be a proper class. A semi-final lift of such a $U$-structured sink consists of a morphism $x\stackrel{g}{\to }Ub$ in $X$ such that

1. Every composite $g\circ f_i:U{a}_i\to Ub$ is in the image of $U$, i.e. is of the form $U(\tilde{g})$ for some $\tilde{g}:a_i\to b$ (necessarily unique, since $U$ is faithful), and

2. $g$ is initial with this property, i.e. for any other morphism $x\stackrel{g\prime }{\to }Ub\prime$ such that each $g\prime \circ f_i$ is in the image of $U$, there exists a unique $h:b\to b\prime$ in $A$ such that $g\prime =U(h)\circ g$.

Finally, $U$ is called solid if every $U$-structured sink has a semi-final lift.

Examples

• Any topological functor is solid. Indeed, a functor $U$ is topological just when it has final lifts for all $U$-structured sinks, where a final lift is a semi-final lift for which $g$ is an isomorphism.

• Any monadic functor into $\mathrm{Set}$ is solid.

• A fully faithful functor is solid if and only if it has a left adjoint.

• If $U:A\to X$ is faithful and has a left adjoint, and moreover $A$ is cocomplete and well-copowered, then $U$ is solid.

• For $C$ a cofibrantly generated model category with monic generating cofibrations, the forgetful functor from algebraic fibrant objects to $C$ is solid. See there for details.

Properties

Left adjoint

For any $x\in X$, the empty family of morphisms into $x$ is a $U$-structured sink, and a semi-final lift for this family is a universal arrow $x\to Ub$. Therefore, if $U$ is solid, then it has a left adjoint.

Lifting of colimits

Suppose that $U:A\to X$ is solid and let $F:D\to A$ be a diagram such that $UF$ has a colimit in $X$, consisting of a cocone $UF{d}_i\to c$. Let $c\to Ue$ be a semi-final lift of this $U$-structured sink, for which we have induced morphisms $F{d}_i\to e$ in $A$. Since $U$ is faithful, these morphisms are a cocone under $F$, and the semi-finality makes it into a colimit in $A$.

Therefore, if $A$ is solid over $X$, then it admits all colimits which $X$ does. Moreover, if we understand colimits in $X$, and we understand the semi-final lifts, then we understand colimits in $A$.

In particular, if $X$ is cocomplete, then so is $A$. In fact, more is true: if $X$ is total, then so is $A$.

Lifting of model structures

The standard transfer theorem for model structures states that if $U:A\to X$ is a functor such that

1. $U$ has a left adjoint $F$,
2. $U$ is accessible, i.e. preserves $\kappa$-filtered colimits for sufficiently large $\kappa$,
3. $X$ has a cofibrantly generated model structure, and
4. Transfinite composites of pushouts of images under $F$ of generating acyclic cofibrations in $X$ become weak equivalences after applying $U$ (the acyclicity condition),

then $A$ has a cofibrantly generated model structure in which the weak equivalences and fibrations are created by $U$. Using an argument of (Nikolaus) we can show:

Theorem

Let $U:A\to X$ be an accessible solid functor, and assume that $X$ has a cofibrantly generated model structure and the following acyclicity condition:

• If $F:D\to A$ is a filtered diagram and $U(F(d_i))\to x$ is a cocone under $U\circ F$, each of whose legs is an acyclic cofibration in $X$, then the semifinal lift $x\to U(b)$ of this $U$-structured sink is also an acyclic cofibration.

Then the transfer theorem applies, so that $A$ has a cofibrantly generated model structure in which the weak equivalences and fibrations are created by $U$.

Proof

We have remarked above that $U$ has a left adjoint, and we assumed it to be accessible, so it remains to show that the given acyclicity condition implies the standard one.

We first show that pushouts in $A$ of images under $F$ of generating acyclic cofibrations become acyclic cofibrations (not just weak equivalences) upon applying $U$. Let $i:x\to y$ be a generating acyclic cofibration, and

$$\begin{array}{ccc}F(x)& \stackrel{f}{\to }& a\\ {}^{F(i)}\downarrow \\ F(y)\end{array}$$\array{F(x) & \overset{f}{\to} & a\\ ^{F (i)}\downarrow \\ F(y)}

a diagram in $A$ of which we would like to take the pushout. Consider the pushout of the corresponding diagram in $X$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}x& \stackrel{\overline{f}}{\to }& U(a)\\ {}^i\downarrow & & {\downarrow }^g\\ y& \underset{h}{\to }& U(a){\bigsqcup }_{x}y.\end{array}$$\array{x & \overset{\bar{f}}{\to} & U(a)\\ ^{i}\downarrow && \downarrow^g\\ y& \underset{h}{\to} & U(a) \sqcup_{x} y.}

Since $X$ is a model category, $g$ is an acyclic cofibration. Therefore, if $U(a){\bigsqcup }_{x}y\stackrel{k}{\to }U(b)$ is a semifinal lift of the singleton sink $\{g\}$, by assumption, $k$ is also an acyclic cofibration and thus so is the composite $U(a)\to U(b)$. But it is straightforward to verify that in fact, the map $a\to b$ of which this is the image (which exists by assumption) gives a pushout diagram in $A$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}F(x)& \stackrel{f}{\to }& a\\ {}^{F(i)}\downarrow & & \downarrow \\ F(y)& \underset{\overline{h}}{\to }& b.\end{array}$$\array{F(x) & \overset{f}{\to} & a\\ ^{F(i)}\downarrow && \downarrow\\ F(y) & \underset{\bar{h}}{\to} & b.}

If $U$ is not just accessible but finitary, then it preserves all transfinite composites, so any transfinite composite of such pushouts in $A$ maps to a transfinite composite in $X$, and we know that transfinite composites of acyclic cofibrations in $X$ are acyclic cofibrations, so the desired acyclicity condition follows. In general, we can argue as follows: given a transfinite sequence $a_0\to a_1\to \dots$ in $A$ of such pushouts, its colimit (= composition) can be constructed as above by forgetting down to $X$, taking the colimit there, and then taking the semifinal lift. But since acyclic cofibrations in $X$ are closed under transfinite composites, the legs of the colimiting cocone in $X$ are acyclic cofibrations. Hence by the assumed acyclicity condition, so is the semifinal lift, and hence (by composition) so are the images in $X$ of the legs of the colimiting cone in $A$. This completes the proof.

References

• Walter Tholen, Semitopological functors. I

• and others…

The example of algebraic fibrant objects and the argument entering the above lifting theorem appears in

• Thomas Nikolaus, Algebraic models for higher categories (arXiv)

See also model structure on algebraic fibrant objects.