nLab linear extension of a partial order

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This entry is about topological orders of directed acyclic graphs in graph theory. For topological orders of materials in condensed matter physics, see topological order.


Contents

Definition

Definition

(linear extension)

Given a set XX equipped with a partial ordering \leq, then a linear extension is a linear order lin\leq_{lin} on the same set SS, such that the identity function id Sid_S is order-preserving

(S,)id S(S, lin). (S,\leq) \overset{ id_S }{\longrightarrow} \left(S,\leq_{lin}\right) \,.

In graph theory, a set equipped with a partial order is an acyclic directed graph, with the partial order representing the reachability relation of the graph, and any linear extension of the reachability relation is called a topological order.

Properties

Proposition

(existence of linear extensions)

For finite sets linear extensions (Def. ) always exist. For non-finite sets this is still the case using the axiom of choice.

A proof under AC was first published in (Marczewski 30). The proposition actually follows from the weaker choice principle called the ultrafilter principle, by appeal to the compactness theorem, as follows.

Proof

It is a very simple matter to show linear extensions exist in the finite case: one may proceed by induction. Any finite nn-element poset has a minimal element xx (meaning yxy \leq x implies y=xy = x). By induction the restricted partial order on X{x}X \setminus \{x\} admits a linear extension, and then one may simply prepend xx to that linear order to complete the inductive step.

The rest is a routine application of compactness for propositional theories. Let (X,)(X, \leq) be a partially ordered set, and introduce a signature consisting of constants c xc_x, one for each xXx \in X, and a binary relation LL. Introduce axioms ¬(c x=c y)\neg(c_x = c_y) whenever xyx \neq y in XX, and L(c x,c y)L(c_x, c_y) whenever xyx \leq y in the poset XX, and axioms stating that LL is a linear order. By the previous paragraph, the resulting theory is finitely satisfiable upon interpreting each c xc_x as xx. Hence the theory is satisfiable. Taking any model MM, and interpreting the constants in MM, and restricting LL to them, we obtain a linear extension on XX.

References

See also

Last revised on May 27, 2022 at 15:03:37. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.