nLab arithmetic genus

Contents

Contents

Idea

A generalization of the concept of genus of a surface from Riemann surfaces/complex curves to algebraic varieties, hence to algebraic curves.

Further base-chaning to arithmetic curves there is the genus of a number field (in the sense of the function field analogy).

Definition

(…)

essentially the Euler characteristic Ο‡(π’ͺ Ξ£)\chi(\mathcal{O}_{\Sigma}) of the structure sheaf:

g Ξ£=βˆ’(Ο‡(π’ͺ Ξ£)βˆ’1) g_\Sigma = - (\chi(\mathcal{O}_\Sigma) - 1)

(…)

Properties

Function field analogy

function field analogy

number fields (β€œfunction fields of curves over F1”)function fields of curves over finite fields 𝔽 q\mathbb{F}_q (arithmetic curves)Riemann surfaces/complex curves
affine and projective line
β„€\mathbb{Z} (integers)𝔽 q[z]\mathbb{F}_q[z] (polynomials, polynomial algebra on affine line 𝔸 𝔽 q 1\mathbb{A}^1_{\mathbb{F}_q})π’ͺ β„‚\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}} (holomorphic functions on complex plane)
β„š\mathbb{Q} (rational numbers)𝔽 q(z)\mathbb{F}_q(z) (rational fractions/rational function on affine line 𝔸 𝔽 q 1\mathbb{A}^1_{\mathbb{F}_q})meromorphic functions on complex plane
pp (prime number/non-archimedean place)xβˆˆπ”½ px \in \mathbb{F}_p, where zβˆ’xβˆˆπ”½ q[z]z - x \in \mathbb{F}_q[z] is the irreducible monic polynomial of degree onexβˆˆβ„‚x \in \mathbb{C}, where zβˆ’x∈π’ͺ β„‚z - x \in \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}} is the function which subtracts the complex number xx from the variable zz
∞\infty (place at infinity)∞\infty
Spec(β„€)Spec(\mathbb{Z}) (Spec(Z))𝔸 𝔽 q 1\mathbb{A}^1_{\mathbb{F}_q} (affine line)complex plane
Spec(β„€)βˆͺplace ∞Spec(\mathbb{Z}) \cup place_{\infty}β„™ 𝔽 q\mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{F}_q} (projective line)Riemann sphere
βˆ‚ p≔(βˆ’) pβˆ’(βˆ’)p\partial_p \coloneqq \frac{(-)^p - (-)}{p} (Fermat quotient)βˆ‚βˆ‚z\frac{\partial}{\partial z} (coordinate derivation)β€œ
genus of the rational numbers = 0genus of the Riemann sphere = 0
formal neighbourhoods
β„€/(p nβ„€)\mathbb{Z}/(p^n \mathbb{Z}) (prime power local ring)𝔽 q[z]/((zβˆ’x) n𝔽 q[z])\mathbb{F}_q [z]/((z-x)^n \mathbb{F}_q [z]) (nn-th order univariate local Artinian 𝔽 q \mathbb{F}_q -algebra)β„‚[z]/((zβˆ’x) nβ„‚[z])\mathbb{C}[z]/((z-x)^n \mathbb{C}[z]) (nn-th order univariate Weil β„‚ \mathbb{C} -algebra)
β„€ p\mathbb{Z}_p (p-adic integers)𝔽 q[[zβˆ’x]]\mathbb{F}_q[ [ z -x ] ] (power series around xx)β„‚[[zβˆ’x]]\mathbb{C}[ [z-x] ] (holomorphic functions on formal disk around xx)
Spf(β„€ p)Γ—Spec(β„€)XSpf(\mathbb{Z}_p)\underset{Spec(\mathbb{Z})}{\times} X (β€œpp-arithmetic jet space” of XX at pp)formal disks in XX
β„š p\mathbb{Q}_p (p-adic numbers)𝔽 q((zβˆ’x))\mathbb{F}_q((z-x)) (Laurent series around xx)β„‚((zβˆ’x))\mathbb{C}((z-x)) (holomorphic functions on punctured formal disk around xx)
𝔸 β„š=∏ β€²pplaceβ„š p\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{Q}} = \underset{p\; place}{\prod^\prime}\mathbb{Q}_p (ring of adeles)𝔸 𝔽 q((t))\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{F}_q((t))} ( adeles of function field )∏ β€²xβˆˆβ„‚β„‚((zβˆ’x))\underset{x \in \mathbb{C}}{\prod^\prime} \mathbb{C}((z-x)) (restricted product of holomorphic functions on all punctured formal disks, finitely of which do not extend to the unpunctured disks)
𝕀 β„š=GL 1(𝔸 β„š)\mathbb{I}_{\mathbb{Q}} = GL_1(\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{Q}}) (group of ideles)𝕀 𝔽 q((t))\mathbb{I}_{\mathbb{F}_q((t))} ( ideles of function field )∏ β€²xβˆˆβ„‚GL 1(β„‚((zβˆ’x)))\underset{x \in \mathbb{C}}{\prod^\prime} GL_1(\mathbb{C}((z-x)))
theta functions
Jacobi theta function
zeta functions
Riemann zeta functionGoss zeta function
branched covering curves
KK a number field (β„šβ†ͺK\mathbb{Q} \hookrightarrow K a possibly ramified finite dimensional field extension)KK a function field of an algebraic curve Ξ£\Sigma over 𝔽 p\mathbb{F}_pK Ξ£K_\Sigma (sheaf of rational functions on complex curve Ξ£\Sigma)
π’ͺ K\mathcal{O}_K (ring of integers)π’ͺ Ξ£\mathcal{O}_{\Sigma} (structure sheaf)
Spec an(π’ͺ K)β†’Spec(β„€)Spec_{an}(\mathcal{O}_K) \to Spec(\mathbb{Z}) (spectrum with archimedean places)Ξ£\Sigma (arithmetic curve)Ξ£β†’β„‚P 1\Sigma \to \mathbb{C}P^1 (complex curve being branched cover of Riemann sphere)
(βˆ’) pβˆ’Ξ¦(βˆ’)p\frac{(-)^p - \Phi(-)}{p} (lift of Frobenius morphism/Lambda-ring structure)βˆ‚βˆ‚z\frac{\partial}{\partial z}β€œ
genus of a number fieldgenus of an algebraic curvegenus of a surface
formal neighbourhoods
vv prime ideal in ring of integers π’ͺ K\mathcal{O}_Kx∈Σx \in \Sigmax∈Σx \in \Sigma
K vK_v (formal completion at vv)β„‚((z x))\mathbb{C}((z_x)) (function algebra on punctured formal disk around xx)
π’ͺ K v\mathcal{O}_{K_v} (ring of integers of formal completion)β„‚[[z x]]\mathbb{C}[ [ z_x ] ] (function algebra on formal disk around xx)
𝔸 K\mathbb{A}_K (ring of adeles)∏ x∈Σ β€²β„‚((z x))\prod^\prime_{x\in \Sigma} \mathbb{C}((z_x)) (restricted product of function rings on all punctured formal disks around all points in Ξ£\Sigma)
π’ͺ\mathcal{O}∏ xβˆˆΞ£β„‚[[z x]]\prod_{x\in \Sigma} \mathbb{C}[ [z_x] ] (function ring on all formal disks around all points in Ξ£\Sigma)
𝕀 K=GL 1(𝔸 K)\mathbb{I}_K = GL_1(\mathbb{A}_K) (group of ideles)∏ x∈Σ β€²GL 1(β„‚((z x)))\prod^\prime_{x\in \Sigma} GL_1(\mathbb{C}((z_x)))
Galois theory
Galois groupβ€œΟ€ 1(Ξ£)\pi_1(\Sigma) fundamental group
Galois representationβ€œflat connection (β€œlocal system”) on Ξ£\Sigma
class field theory
class field theoryβ€œgeometric class field theory
Hilbert reciprocity lawArtin reciprocity lawWeil reciprocity law
GL 1(K)\GL 1(𝔸 K)GL_1(K)\backslash GL_1(\mathbb{A}_K) (idele class group)β€œ
GL 1(K)\GL 1(𝔸 K)/GL 1(π’ͺ)GL_1(K)\backslash GL_1(\mathbb{A}_K)/GL_1(\mathcal{O})β€œBun GL 1(Ξ£)Bun_{GL_1}(\Sigma) (moduli stack of line bundles, by Weil uniformization theorem)
non-abelian class field theory and automorphy
number field Langlands correspondencefunction field Langlands correspondencegeometric Langlands correspondence
GL n(K)\GL n(𝔸 K)//GL n(π’ͺ)GL_n(K) \backslash GL_n(\mathbb{A}_K)//GL_n(\mathcal{O}) (constant sheaves on this stack form unramified automorphic representations)β€œBun GL n(β„‚)(Ξ£)Bun_{GL_n(\mathbb{C})}(\Sigma) (moduli stack of bundles on the curve Ξ£\Sigma, by Weil uniformization theorem)
Tamagawa-Weil for number fieldsTamagawa-Weil for function fields
theta functions
Hecke theta functionfunctional determinant line bundle of Dirac operator/chiral Laplace operator on Ξ£\Sigma
zeta functions
Dedekind zeta functionWeil zeta functionzeta function of a Riemann surface/of the Laplace operator on Ξ£\Sigma
higher dimensional spaces
zeta functionsHasse-Weil zeta function

References

Last revised on July 22, 2014 at 04:48:24. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.