In category theory, the pasting law or pullback lemma is a statement about (de-)composition of pullback/pushout diagrams.
Let be a category or more generally an (β,1)-category. Consider a commuting diagram in of the following shape:
Then:
if the right square is a pullback, then the total rectangle is a pullback precisely if the left square is a pullback.
if the left square is a pushout, then the total rectangle is a pushout precisely if the right square is a pushout.
For proof see:
for category theory: at pullback β pasting law; also e.g. Bauer 2012;
for (β,1)-category theory: at (β,1)-limit β pushout pasting law
In general, the implications in the above result do require the hypothesis (e.g. in the pullback case that the right square is a pullback). However, in some cases this can be omitted:
Suppose we have a diagram of the above shape
in which the total rectangle (consisting of ) is a pullback, and moreover the induced map is a monomorphism. Then the left-hand square (consisting of ) is also a pullback.
In a regular category this also works in the other direction, if the bottom left morphisms is a regular epimorphism:
(reverse pasting law)
In a regular category, consider a commuting diagram of the form where
the left square is a pullback;
the bottom left morphism is a regular epimorphism.
Then the right square is a pullback iff the total rectangle is.
For a more general statement that holds in categories that are not necessarily regular, see Przybylek (2013).
Prop. implies the -category theoretic reverse pasting law, at least in good cases:
(reverse pasting law for -pullbacks of -groupoids)
The reverse pasting law (Prop. ) holds also for homotopy pullbacks of -groupoids as soon as the bottom left morphism is an effective epimorphism in this -category.
By the discussion at homotopy pullback and using the classical model structure on simplicial sets, we may model the situation by a diagram of simplicial sets where both bottom morphisms are Kan fibrations, and then need to show that the ordinary reverse pasting law applies.
Now observe that:
an effective epimorphism of -groupoids is a surjection on connected components (by this Prop.);
a Kan fibration which resolves a surjection on connected components is degreewise surjective (by this Prop.);
a degreewise surjection of simplicial sets is an epimorphism (by this Prop.),
hence is a regular epimorphism in a regular category (since sSet is a topos).
Hence the bottom left morphism in our diagram of simplicial sets is a regular epimorphism and the claim follows by Prop. .
Another related statement involves a pair of rectangles and equalizers.
Suppose is any category with equalizers and that we have a diagram of the following shape:
such that the vertical arrows are all monomorphisms, the squares on the right are serially commutative, and the lower row is an equalizer. Then the upper row is an equalizer if and only if the left square is a pullback.
Discussion in 1-category theory:
Statements of the pasting law in textbooks, typically leaving the proof to the reader:
Saunders MacLane, Ex. 8 on p. 72 in: Categories for the Working Mathematician, Graduate texts in mathematics, Springer 1971 (doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4721-8)
Jiri Adamek, Horst Herrlich, George Strecker, Prop. 11.10 in: Abstract and Concrete Categories, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1990) reprinted as: Reprints in Theory and Applications of Categories 17 (2006) 1-507 (tac:tr17, book webpage, pdf)
A proof is spelled out in:
The reverse pasting law is discussed in:
Aurelio Carboni, George Janelidze, Max Kelly, Robert ParΓ©, Lemma 4.6 of: On localization and stabilization for factorization systems, Appl. Categ. Structures 5 (1997) 1-58 [doi:10.1023/A:1008620404444]
Richard Garner, Steve Lack, Lemma 2.2 in: On the axioms for adhesive and quasiadhesive categories, Theory and Applications of Categories, 27 3 (2012) 27-46 [arXiv:1108.2934, tac:27-03]
Marino Gran, An introduction to regular categories, in: New Perspectives in Algebra, Topology and Categories, Coimbra Mathematical Texts, Springer (2021) [arXiv:2004.08964, ISBN:978-3-030-84319-9]
Michal Przybylek, The other pullback lemma (2013) [arXiv:1311.2974]
cf. MO:143070
Discussion in model category-theory
for right proper model categories:
and for general model categories:
Discussion in -category theory
Last revised on December 13, 2023 at 15:40:36. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.