nLab total order

Total orders

Total orders

Idea

A total order or linear order or chain order on a set is a way of ordering its elements to say that some elements precede others, with the understanding that any two elements can be compared one way or the other.

Definitions

With a relation

Given a set SS, a total order or linear order or chain order on SS is a (binary) relation \leq with the following properties:

  • reflexivity: for any element xx of SS, xxx \leq x;
  • transitivity: whenever xyzx \leq y \leq z, then xzx \leq z;
  • antisymmetry: whenever xyxx \leq y \leq x, then x=yx = y;
  • totality: for any xx and yy in SS, xyx \leq y or yxy \leq x.

A totally ordered set or toset or linearly ordered set or loset is a set equipped with a total order/linear order.

With a semigroup operation

A totally ordered set or toset or linearly ordered set or loset is a set SS equipped with a commutative and idempotent semigroup min:S×SS\min:S \times S \to S such that for all aSa \in S and bSb \in S, min(a,b)=a\min(a, b) = a or min(a,b)=b\min(a, b) = b.

Relation to simplices

The category of finite nonempty totally ordered sets and order-preserving maps is called Δ\Delta, the simplex category.

The category of all finite totally ordered sets and order-preserving maps is called Δ a\Delta_a, the augmented simplex category.

Relation to pseudolattices

Due to the totality of the order relation \leq, every pair of elements aa and bb has a join and meet, such that ab=aa \wedge b = a and ab=ba \vee b = b, or ab=ba \wedge b = b and ab=aa \vee b = a. This means that meets distribute over joins and joins distribute over meets, and additionally that both operations are associative, commutative, and idempotent, and so every total order is a pseudolattice, and every bounded total order is a lattice.

Relation to strict total orders

A strict total order is much like a total order, except that it is based on an irreflexive relation <\lt.

Using excluded middle, one can move between strict total orders and total orders using negation; that is, the negation of a total order is a strict total order and vice versa. Actually one usually swaps the order too, as follows:

  • xyx \leq y iff yxy \nless x;
  • x<yx \lt y iff yxy \nleq x.

One often sees x<yx \lt y defined as xyx \le y but xyx \ne y; this is equivalent, but doesn't show the duality explicitly. Similarly, one often sees xyx \leq y defined as x<yx \lt y or x=yx = y; this is not even equivalent constructively, although it is classically.

In classical mathematics, the distinction between total orders and strict total orders is merely a terminological technicality, which is not always observed; more precisely, there is a natural bijection between the set of total orders on a given set SS and the set of strict total orders on SS, and one distinguishes them by their notation. In constructive mathematics, however, they are irreducibly different.

For more, including why strict total orders are more often useful in constructive mathematics, see strict total order.

Classifying topos

There is a classifying topos for inhabited linear orders. It is given by the category of cosimplicial sets, hence by the presheaf topos over the opposite category of the simplicial category.

For more see at classifying topos the section For (inhabited) linear orders.

References

Total orders are defined in the section of chapter 3 titled “Chains”:

Last revised on August 9, 2024 at 15:30:39. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.