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Zero-one measures are measures whose only values are zero and one.
In probability theory, they model situations which “are not really random”, where we are almost surely certain of which events take place and which do not. They are used to express zero-one laws and more generally to model situations of ergodicity.
Zero-one measures form a monad, which is analogous to sobrification of topological spaces.
The analogous concept for Markov kernels is a zero-one kernel.
A probability measure on a measurable space is said to be zero-one, irreducible or extremal if and only if any of the following equivalent conditions hold:
for and , then . (This can be seen as analogous to irreducible closed sets.)
agree on . ( denotes the Giry monad, and is its unit, given by Dirac measures.)
Every Dirac delta measure is zero-one:
If is standard Borel, or more more generally if it has enough points, every zero-one measure on is a Dirac delta.
Every ergodic measure is zero-one when restricted to the invariant sigma-algebra.
Zero-one measures are exactly the laws of those random variables which satisfy a zero-one law.
Zero-one kernels are exactly the deterministic states of Stoch, in the sense of Markov categories.
Zero-one measures form a monad, which we denote by , a submonad of the Giry monad. It can be seen as an analogue of the monad of completely prime filters (sobrification) on , and because of that we also call it the sobrification monad of measurable spaces (see also at sober measurable space). This monad is defined abstractly in MP’22 (based on previous work, see the references), here we give a more explicit description.
In what follows, let be a measurable space, and denote its sigma-algebra by .
The space of zero-one measures on can be equivalently described as follows:
for all measurable .
The unit of the monad can be characterized equivalently as follows:
We take as unit the resulting map . Explicitly,
The assignment is an isomorphism of sigma-algebras . Its inverse is given by the preimage map
(Compare to how a topological space and its sobrification have the same frame.)
We can define the multiplication of the monad, explicitly, as follows. Given a zero-one measure over zero-one measures , we take to be defined by
Notice that for every and ,
and
Therefore (using the fact that is a bijection), and are mutually inverse. This makes an idempotent submonad of the Giry monad.
The Kleisli category of the monad is the category of measurable spaces and zero-one kernels, sometimes denoted by .
Since the monad is idempotent, its Kleisli category is equivalent to its Eilenberg-Moore category, which is the category of sober measurable spaces.
Let’s now write this equivalence explicitly. One one side, define the functor as follows:
Similarly we can define a functor as follows:
for all , where
The unit induces a natural transformation with components . When is sober, this component is an isomorphism.
Conversely, for a generic measurable space (not necessarily sober), we have a natural zero-one kernel defined by
for all and all measurable subsets . (This can be seen as the restriction of the sampling map to zero-one measures.)
The kernel is an isomorphism of , where its inverse is induced by the function .
This way we have natural isomorphisms and , which give an equivalence of categories.
Tobias Fritz, A synthetic approach to Markov kernels, conditional independence and theorems on sufficient statistics. Adv. Math., 370:107239, 2020. arXiv:1908.07021.
Sean Moss, Paolo Perrone, Probability monads with submonads of deterministic states, LICS 2022. (arXiv:2204.07003)
Sean Moss, Paolo Perrone, A category-theoretic proof of the ergodic decomposition theorem, Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems, 2023. (arXiv:2207.07353)
Noé Ensarguet, Paolo Perrone, Categorical probability spaces, ergodic decompositions, and transitions to equilibrium, arXiv:2310.04267
Anna Bucalo and Giuseppe Rosolini, Sobriety for equilogical spaces. Theorerical Computer Science 546, 2014. (doi)
Paul Taylor, Sober spaces and continuations. Theory and Applications of Categories 10(12), 2002. (link)
Eugenio Moggi, Notions of computations and monads, Information and Computation 93(1), 1991 (LICS 1989).
Last revised on July 18, 2024 at 09:51:16. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.