A Gauss-Manin connection is a canonical flat connection on fiber bundles of relative ordinary (but possibly twisted) (co-)homology groups, hence a way of transforming (co-)homology classes as a parameter varies.
(…)
The existence of a flat connection on bundles of fiberwise-cohomology groups is easy to understand in the case that the fibers form a locally trivial fiber bundle: In this case the fiberwise cohomology of the local trivialization of this fiber bundle is a local trivialization of the bundle of its fiberwise cohomology groups. The Gauss-Manin connection in this case is made explicit for instance in Voisin 2002, above Def. 9.13 (pdf), see also Etingof, Frenkel & Kirillov 1998, §7.5 (pdf).
Simple as this may appear, at least in the case of fiberwise twisted cohomology this case subsumes (for forgetful fibrations of configuration spaces of points in the plane) the profound example of solutions to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation, identified as such via the hypergeometric integral construction – this is highlighted as such in Etingof, Frenkel & Kirillov 1998, §7.5, reproduced as Example below.
In the following we give (following SS22) a more abstract/formal (model category theoretic/homotopy theoretic) argument for the existence and construction of the Gauss-Manin connection for twisted cohomology on a class of fiber bundles which subsume the case that gives the KZ-equation, namely projections of configuration spaces of points (Ex. below).
This following more abstract argument has the advantage that it applies at once to all generalized cohomology-theories for which classifying spaces exist (Whitehead-generalized cohomology theories and more general non-abelian cohomology-theories, such as unstable Cohomotopy), and that its structure is readily formulated in general -toposes and in homotopy type theory. In fact, in that formal language the following construction of the Gauss-Manin connection for twisted cohomology on fibers of a fiber bundle is so simple that it becomes essentially a tautology.
The following is a (non-standard) general-abstract argument for the existence and construction of the structure of local systems on fiberwise cohomology groups, which applies in the generality of Whitehead-generalized cohomology theories, and in fact of non-abelian cohomology theories.
The simple idea – using that all these notions of cohomology have classifying spaces – is that the fiberwise 0-truncation of the fiberwise mapping space to that classifying space provides at once the covering space which exhibits the local system.
We consider the following situation, see also (6) and (14).
Let
be
be
a compactly generated topological space (i.e. a k-space),
in the slice category over , via a Hurewicz fibration
which is locally trivial over a numerable cover for some typical fiber :
what has the structure of a CW-complex:
For we write for the fiber of over :
(forgetful map between configuration spaces of points)
For , the map of configuration spaces of ordered points in the plane
(which forgets the position of the first among points) satisfies the above assumption, by this Prop. and this Prop..
(non-abelian cohomology sets)
For any , and for a CW-complex, we write
for the non-abelian cohomology of with coefficients in .
(ordinary complex cohomology)
For an Eilenberg-MacLane space (here of the additive abelian group of complex numbers), Def. yields ordinary complex cohomology
(Cohomotopy)
For the -sphere, Def. yields Cohomotopy
(fiberwise non-abelian cohomology sets form local system)
For any k-space , the non-abelian cohomology-sets (5) of the fibers (4) with coefficients in constitute a local system over , in that they arrange into a covering space over (equivalently, they are the values of a functor from the fundamental groupoid of to Sets).
Moreover, if is an open cover over which locally trivializes with typical fiber , then the covering space of cohomology sets locally trivializes over the same cover, with typical fiber .
Write for the base change of to the slice over , i.e. for the trivial fibration
This is clearly a Hurewicz fibration. Since also is such by assumption (1), it follows (by this Prop.) that the fiberwise mapping space between the two (this Def.) is also a Hurewicz fibration, hence its fibers are homotopy fibers and as such coincide with the ordinary mapping space between the fibers (by this Example):
Hence we may think of this diagram equivalently as exhibiting the homotopy pullback (in the classical model structure on topological spaces) of the mapping fibration along .
But since homotopy pullback preserves fiberwise 0-truncation (by this Prop.) it follows that the fiberwise 0-truncation of the fiberwise mapping space fibration has as homotopy fibers the non-abelian cohomology-sets (5):
Here by fibrant replacement we may assume that the right vertical map is again a Serre fibration, as indicated, in which case it is a covering space-projection whose fibers are the desired cohomology groups. This proves the first statement.
The second statement follows by the same argument, after using over any patch of the given open cover the following natural identification:
We generalize the above discussion to twisted non-abelian cohomology (Def. below).
The argument is essentially the same as in the previous Prop. , only that now:
the base spaces starts out being the product space of the previous base space with the classifying space for the twists,
before passing to homotopy classes of fiberwise maps we form the right base change (dependent product) along this classifying space.
To see that the previous argument generalizes to this case one needs to
observe that this right base change is right Quillen (Lem. below),
use a Beck-Chevalley relation (15) to see that it is compatible with pullback along .
For a discrete group, we write for the topological realization of the nerve of the delooping groupoid of , hence for the usual classifying space (which, by discreteness of , is an Eilenberg-MacLane space ) in its usual realization as a CW-complex:
For a topological -space (a space equipped with a continuous map -action), its Borel construction is – regarded as the -fiber bundle associated to the universal -principal bundle – an object in the slice category over the classifying space (10)
For , the right base change along the projection
is a Quillen adjunction between the respective slice model categories of the classical model structure on topological spaces.
Since is just projection out of a Cartesian product, the pullback acts by forming the product topological space with the space . But since is cofibrant (10) this operation preserves cofibrations and acyclic cofibrations of (by this Prop.) and hence also those of its slice model structure.
(twisted non-abelian cohomology, as in FSS20, §2.2)
For
a -space,
a map to the classifying space (10),
the -twisted non-abelian cohomology of with coefficients in is the connected components of the space of sections of the pullback bundle of along :
where the codomain on the right is the Borel construction (11) on .
To see that in the last line of (12) is really the same as the space of sections, use the Yoneda lemma (for ) on the following sequence of natural isomorphisms:
Here each step is the hom-isomorphism of various adjoint functors, except the marked one which is immediate from this pullback square:
and remembering that left base change is given simply by post-composition with .
Now we may state and prove the twisted-cohomology generalization of Prop. :
(fiberwise twisted non-abelian cohomology sets form local system)
With a fiber bundle as above, and given a global twist on its total space
the -twisted -cohomology sets (Def. ) of , for any , arrange into a covering space over , generalizing the un-twisted statement from Prop. .
In the evident generalization of (8), we have the following homotopy pullback diagram:
Now by the Beck-Chevalley relation
this gives the following pullback diagram:
where the vertical map on the right is still a fibration, by Lem. .
From here we conclude as in the proof of Prop. that for all we have:
so that the fibration on the right is the covering space which exhibits the claimed local system.
(Hypergeometric Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations)
Let
be the forgetful map of configuration spaces of points from Ex.
the Eilenberg-MacLane space classifying ordinary complex cohomology;
be a cyclic group, acting by multiplication by roots of unity on the complex numbers and hence on .
Then Prop. constructs the Gauss-Manin connection claimed in Etingof, Frenkel & Kirillov 1998, §7.5.
Original articles:
Yuri Manin, Algebraic curves over fields with differentiation, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 22 6 (1958) 737-756 mathnet:izv3998, pdf (in Russian)
Nicholas M. Katz, On the differential equations satisfied by period matrices, Publications Mathématiques de l’IHÉS, Tome 35 (1968) 71-106 numdamPMIHES_1968__35__71_0
Alexander Grothendieck, On the de Rham cohomology of algebraic varieties, Publications Mathématiques de l’IHÉS, Tome 29 (1966) 95-103 numdam:PMIHES_1966__29__95_0
Sec. (3.2), (3.3), (3.4) in: A. Grothendieck, Crystals and the de Rham cohomology of schemes, in “Dix exposes sur la cohomologie des schemas”, Adv. Stud. Pure Math. 3, North Holland 1968, 306–358 pdf
Nicholas M. Katz, Tadao Oda, On the differentiation of De Rham cohomology classes with respect to parameters, J. Math. Kyoto Univ. 8 2 (1968) 199-213 doi:10.1215/kjm/1250524135
Egbert Brieskorn, Die Monodromie der isolierten Singularitäten von Hyperflächen, Masucripta Math. 2 (1970) 103-161 doi:10.1007/BF01155695, pdf
Pierre Deligne, Equations différentielles à points singuliers réguliers, Lecture Notes Math. 163, Springer (1970) publications.ias:355
Phillip A. Griffiths, Periods of integrals on algebraic manifolds: Summary of main results and discussion of open problems, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 76 (1970) 228-296 doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1970-12444-2
Textbook accounts:
Pierre Deligne, Equations différentielles à points singuliers réguliers, Lecture Notes Math. 163, Springer (1970) publications.ias:355
Valentine S. Kulikov, Part I of: Mixed Hodge Structures and Singularities, Cambridge University Press (1998) doi:10.1017/CBO9780511758928
Alexandru Dimca, Theorem 2.5.14 in: Sheaves in Topology, Universitext, Springer (2004) doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18868-8
and with focus on the special case of surjective submersions of smooth manifolds:
Lecture notes:
Gauss-Manin connections over configuration spaces of points:
Daniel C. Cohen, Peter Orlik, Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements, I Eigenvalues, Compositio Math. 136 (2003) 299-316 arXiv:math/0105063, doi:10.1023/A:1023262022279
Daniel C. Cohen, Peter Orlik, Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements, II Nonresonant weights, Amer. J. Math. 127 (2005) 569-594 arXiv:math/0207114, jstor:40067930
Daniel C. Cohen, Peter Orlik, Gauss-Manin connections for arrangements, III Formal connections, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 357 (2005) 3031-3050 arXiv:math/0307210, doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-04-03621-9
and review in the context of hypergeometric solutions to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation:
The discussion above follows:
See also:
Wikipedia, Gauss-Manin connection
Allan Yashinski, Smooth deformations and the Gauss-Manin connection (arxiv/1410.0715)
Discussion in cyclic homology:
Boris Tsygan, On the Gauss-Manin connection in cyclic homology, Methods Funct. Anal. Topology 13 (2007), no. 1, 8394.
Victor Ginzburg, Travis Schedler, Boris Tsygan, Free products, cyclic homology, and the Gauss–Manin connection, Advances in Mathematics 231:3-4 (2012) 2352–2389 doi
Ezra Getzler, Cartan homotopy formulas and the Gauss/Manin connection in cyclic homology, in: “Quantum deformations of algebras and their representations,” Israel Math. Conf. Proc. 7 (1993) 65–78 pdf
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