nLab locally ringed topological space

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topos theory

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Definition

A locally ringed space is a ringed space (X,𝒪)(X,\mathcal{O}) such that the stalks of the structure sheaf 𝒪\mathcal{O} are local rings.

A morphism of locally ringed spaces is a morphism of ringed spaces (f,f ):(X,𝒪 X)(Y,𝒪 Y)(f,f^\sharp)\colon (X,\mathcal{O}_X)\to (Y,\mathcal{O}_Y), where f:XYf:X\to Y, such that f :f *𝒪 Y𝒪 Xf_\sharp : f^*\mathcal{O}_Y \to \mathcal{O}_X is a morphism of local rings (that is, a map of rings which respects the maximal ideal (reflects invertibility)), where f f_\sharp is the adjunct of the comorphism f :𝒪 Yf *𝒪 Xf^\sharp:\mathcal{O}_Y\to f_*\mathcal{O}_X. Here we are considering 𝒪 X\mathcal{O}_X and 𝒪 Y\mathcal{O}_Y to be local rings defined in the internal logic of the respective sheaf toposes, and f *𝒪 Yf^*\mathcal{O}_Y is an internal local ring because the inverse image functor f *f^* preserves geometric logic.

Examples

Example

(schemes)
Historically, schemes are thought of as locally ringed spaces and this application of the notion to algebraic geometry motivated much of its development.

(However, already Grothendieck (1973) pointed out that it is often more frutiful to view schemes instead via their functor of points, see at functorial geometry for more.)

Example

(smooth manifolds)
The category SmthMfd of smooth manifolds has a canonical embedding into the category of locally ringed spaces:

Indeed, any smooth manifold MM comes equipped with a sheaf of real-valued smooth functions 𝒞 M \mathcal{C}^{\infty}_M, and the maximal ideal in a given stalk consists precisely of germs of smooth functions which vanish at that point. Moreover, a smooth map f:MNf \colon M \to N determines a comorphism f :𝒞 N f *𝒞 M f^\sharp: \mathcal{C}^{\infty}_N \to f_* \mathcal{C}^{\infty}_M by the usual precomposition.

This inclusion of smooth manifolds into locally ringed spaces is fully faithful. For a proof, see Lucas Braune’s comment at Math.SE:511604.

(In fact, already the embedding of smooth manifolds into formal duals of R-algebras is fully faithful, which means that all smooth manifolds are even “affine” locally ringed spaces, in a sense.)

On the locality condition

The condition that all stalks 𝒪 X,x\mathcal{O}_{X,x} are local rings can be reformulated without referring to the points of XX:

  • The only open subset UU such that 𝒪 X(U)\mathcal{O}_X(U) is the zero ring is U=U = \emptyset.
  • Let f,g𝒪 X(U)f, g \in \mathcal{O}_X(U) be local sections such that f+gf + g is invertible in 𝒪 X(U)\mathcal{O}_X(U). Then there is an open covering U=VWU = V \cup W such that f| V𝒪 X(V)f|_V \in \mathcal{O}_X(V) and g| W𝒪 X(W)g|_W \in \mathcal{O}_X(W) are invertible. (It’s allowed that VV or WW are empty.)

References

Textbook accounts:

See also:

See also references at locally ringed topos.

Last revised on April 16, 2023 at 08:39:47. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.