Definitions
Transfors between 2-categories
Morphisms in 2-categories
Structures in 2-categories
Limits in 2-categories
Structures on 2-categories
symmetric monoidal (∞,1)-category of spectra
Just as the notion of a monad in a bicategory generalizes that of a monoid in a monoidal category, modules over monoids generalize easily to modules over monads.
Beware that modules over monads in Cat are often called *algebras* for the monad (see there for more), since they literally are algebras in the sense of universal algebra, see below. By extension, one might speak of modules over monads in any 2-category as “algebras for the monad”.
The formally dual concept is that of coalgebra over a comonad.
Let be a bicategory and a monad in with structure 2-cells and . Then a left -module (or -algebra) is given by a 1-cell and a 2-cell , where
commute. Similarly, a right -module (or -opalgebra) is given by a 1-cell and a 2-cell , with commuting diagrams as above with on the left instead of on the right.
Clearly, a right -module in is the same thing as a left -module in . A left -comodule or coalgebra is then a left -module in , and a right -comodule is a left -module in .
A -module of any of these sorts is a fortiori an algebra over the underlying endomorphism .
Given monads on and on , an -bimodule is given by a 1-cell , together with the structures of a right -module and a left -module that are compatible in the sense that the diagram
commutes. Such a bimodule may be written as .
A morphism of left -modules is given by a 2-cell such that . Similarly, a morphism of right -modules is such that . A morphism of bimodules is given by that is a morphism of both left and right modules.
More abstractly, the monads and in give rise to ordinary monads and on the hom-category , by pre- and post-composition. The associativity isomorphism of then gives rise to an invertible distributive law between these, so that the composite is again a monad. Then the category of bimodules from to is the ordinary Eilenberg–Moore category .
If Cat and is a monad on a category , then a left -module , where is the terminal category, is usually called an algebra over or -algebra (see there): it is given by an object together with a morphism , such that
and
commute.
In particular, every algebra over a monad in has the structure of an algebra over the underlying endofunctor .
-algebras can also be defined as left modules over qua monoid in . There the object is represented by the constant endofunctor at .
The Eilenberg-Moore category of is the category of these algebras. It has a universal property that allows the notion of Eilenberg-Moore object to be defined in any bicategory.
The notion of (bi)module makes sense in virtual double categories, generalizing the previous definition.
A monad in a virtual double category is a loose endomorphism together with a binary map (i.e. a square in the virtual double category) giving the multiplication and a nullary map giving the unit:
This data satisfies strict unitality and associativity equations.
A left module over a monad is another loose cell together with a binary map :
This again satisfies standard equations stating compatibility with the monad structure on .
A right module is equipped with a binary map instead, and a bimodule has a ternary map .
see at colimits in categories of algebras
Given bimodules and , where are monads on respectively, we may be able to form the tensor product just as in the case of bimodules over rings. If the hom-categories of the bicategory have reflexive coequalizers that are preserved by composition on both sides, then the tensor product is given by the reflexive coequalizer in
where the parallel arrows are the two induced actions and on . Indeed, under the hypothesis on the forgetful functor reflects reflexive coequalizers, because the monad preserves them, and so is an -bimodule.
If satisfies the above conditions then there is a bicategory consisting of monads, bimodules and bimodule morphisms in . The identity module on a monad is itself, and the unit and associativity conditions follow from the universal property of the above coequalizer. There is a lax forgetful functor , with comparison morphisms the unit of , and the coequalizer map.
If , the bicategory of spans of sets, then a monad in is precisely a small category. Then , the category of small categories, profunctors and natural transformations.
More generally, , for any category with coequalizers and pullbacks that preserve them, consists of internal categories in , together with internal profunctors between them and transformations between those.
algebra over a monad, algebra over an endofunctor, coalgebra over an endofunctor, algebra over a profunctor
Eilenberg-Moore category, Kleisli category, Eilenberg-Moore object, Kleisli object
John Isbell, Generic algebras Transactions of the AMS, vol 275, number 2 (pdf)
H. Lindner, Commutative monads in Deuxiéme colloque sur l’algébre des catégories. Amiens-1975. Résumés des conférences, pages 283-288. Cahiers de topologie et géométrie différentielle catégoriques, tome 16, nr. 3, 1975.
R. Guitart, Tenseurs et machines, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques, 21(1):5-62, 1980.
A. Kock. Closed categories generated by commutative monads, Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society, 12(04):405-424, 1971.
G. J. Seal. Tensors, monads and actions, Theory Appl. Categ., 28:No. 15, 403-433, 2013.
Discussion of model category structures on categories of coalgebras over comonads is in
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