nLab Models for Smooth Infinitesimal Analysis

Contents

Context

Synthetic differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

Introductions

from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds

geometry of physics: coordinate systems, smooth spaces, manifolds, smooth homotopy types, supergeometry

Differentials

V-manifolds

smooth space

Tangency

The magic algebraic facts

Theorems

Axiomatics

cohesion

infinitesimal cohesion

tangent cohesion

differential cohesion

graded differential cohesion

singular cohesion

id id fermionic bosonic bosonic Rh rheonomic reduced infinitesimal infinitesimal & étale cohesive ʃ discrete discrete continuous * \array{ && id &\dashv& id \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{fermionic}{}& \rightrightarrows &\dashv& \rightsquigarrow & \stackrel{bosonic}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{bosonic}{} & \rightsquigarrow &\dashv& \mathrm{R}\!\!\mathrm{h} & \stackrel{rheonomic}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{reduced}{} & \Re &\dashv& \Im & \stackrel{infinitesimal}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{infinitesimal}{}& \Im &\dashv& \& & \stackrel{\text{étale}}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{cohesive}{}& \esh &\dashv& \flat & \stackrel{discrete}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{discrete}{}& \flat &\dashv& \sharp & \stackrel{continuous}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ && \emptyset &\dashv& \ast }

Models

Lie theory, ∞-Lie theory

differential equations, variational calculus

Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory

Cartan geometry (super, higher)

Topos Theory

topos theory

Background

Toposes

Internal Logic

Topos morphisms

Extra stuff, structure, properties

Cohomology and homotopy

In higher category theory

Theorems

This entry collects pointers related to:

about smooth toposes interpreting synthetic differential geometry that have a full and faithful embedding of the category Diff of smooth manifolds.

Contents

Summary

The book discusses the construction and the properties of smooth toposes (𝒯,R)(\mathcal{T},R) that model the axioms of synthetic differential geometry and are well-adapted to differential geometry in that there is a full and faithful functor Diff𝒯Diff \to \mathcal{T} embedding the category Diff of smooth manifolds into the more general category 𝒯\mathcal{T}.

All models are obtained as categories of sheaves on sites whose underlying category is a subcategory of that of smooth loci.

Models

The following tabulates various models for smooth toposes and lists their properties.

the topos 𝒢\mathcal{G}

the topos \mathcal{F}

the topos 𝒵\mathcal{Z}

The smooth topos 𝒵\mathcal{Z} is that of sheaves on the category 𝕃\mathbb{L} of smooth loci with respect to the Grothendieck topology given by finite open covers of smooth loci.

Definition

𝒵:=Sh finopen(𝕃)\mathcal{Z} := Sh_{fin-open}(\mathbb{L}) is the category of sheaves on the entire site 𝕃\mathbb{L} of smooth loci where the covering sieves of any smooth locus A\ell A are those generated by covering families

{f i:A iA} \{f_i : \ell A_i \to \ell A\}

given by a finite collection of elements (a iA) i=1 n(a_i \in A)_{i=1}^n such that the ideal generated by these elements contains the unit, 1(a 1,,a n)1 \in (a_1, \cdots, a_n), and for each ii a commutative diagram

A i (A{a i 1}) f i A, \array{ \ell A_i &&\stackrel{\simeq}{\to}&& \ell (A\{a_i^{-1}\}) \\ & {}_{\mathllap{f_i}}\searrow && \swarrow \\ && \ell A } \,,

where the right diagonal morphism is the canonical inclusion of a smooth locus corresponding to a smooth ring with one element inverted.

This is in chapter VI, 1. Inversion of elements is described around proposition 1.6 in chapter I.

For instance for A=R=C ()\ell A = R = \ell C^\infty(\mathbb{R}) the real line, a covering family is given by maps from two further copies of the real line f 1,2:RRf_{1,2} : R \to R determined by any two smooth functions a 1,a 1C ()a_1, a_1 \in C^\infty(\mathbb{R}) with support (,1)(-\infty,1) and (1,)(-1,\infty). By proposition 1.6 in chapter I we have C (){a 1 1}=C ((,1))C^\infty(\mathbb{R})\{a_1^{-1}\} = C^\infty((-\infty,1)) and C (){a 2 1}=C ((1,))C^\infty(\mathbb{R})\{a_2^{-1}\} = C^\infty((-1,\infty)). As both these open intervals are diffeomorphic to the real line, and as Diff embeds fully, we have isomorphisms R(C (/a i 1)R \stackrel{\simeq}{\to} \ell(C^\infty(\mathbb{R}/{a_i^{-1}}). Hence the cover defined by (a i,a 2)(a_i, a_2) is the ordinary open cover of the real line by the two open subsets (,1)(-\infty,1) and (1,)(-1,\infty).

Similarly using I.1.6, one finds the general result:

Lemma

Let C (U)/I\ell C^\infty(U)/I be a smooth locus with U nU \subset \mathbb{R}^n open and II an ideal of C (U)C^\infty(U). Then, up to isomorphisms, its covering families are precisely those families

{C (U i)/(I| U i)C (U)/I} i=1 n \{\ell C^\infty(U_i)/(I|_{U_i}) \to \ell C^\infty(U)/I\}_{i=1}^n

such that the U iUU_i \subset U are an ordinary open cover of UU.

Equivalently, such families where the (U i)(U_i) need not cover all of UU, but where there is VUV \subset U open such that the (U i)(U_i) together with VV do cover and 1I| V1 \in I|_V.

Proof

This is lemma 1.2 in chapter VI.

We now list central properties of this topos.

Proposition

(properties)

For the topos 𝒵\mathcal{Z} the following is true.

  • the Grothendieck topology is subcanonical

    (chapter VI, lemma 1.3)

  • the category Diff of smooth manifolds embeds full and faithfully, Diff𝒵Diff \hookrightarrow \mathcal{Z}

    (chapter VI, corollary 1.4)

  • the general Kock-Lawvere axiom holds

    (chapter VI, 1.9)

  • the integration axiom holds

    (chapter VI, 1.10)

  • it models nonstandard analysis in that

    • since the topology is subcanonical, in particular the smooth locus 𝕀:=(C (0)/(f|germ 0(f)=0))\mathbb{I} := \ell(C^\infty(\mathbb{R}-{0})/(f|germ_0(f) = 0)) of the ring of restrictions of germs of functions at 0 to 0\mathbb{R}-{0} is an object: the object of invertible infinitesimals.

      However, even though this object exists, in the intuitionistic internal logic of the topos one cannot prove that there are any infinitesimal elements : all one can prove is that it is false that there are no elements: ¬¬x:x𝕀\not \not \exists x : x \in \mathbb{I}.

      (chapter VI, section 1.8)

      This changes when one refines to the topos \mathcal{B}, discussed below (section VI.5).

    • due the conditions that covers are finite, the smooth locus N:=C ()N := \ell C^\infty(\mathbb{N}) – which is such that functions to it are arbitrary locally constant \mathbb{N}-valued functions – does not coincide with the natural numbers object of the topos, which is the sheafification of the presheaf constant on Set\mathbb{N} \in Set:

      since covering families are by finite covers it follows that maps into the sheafification of the presheaf constant on \mathbb{N} are bounded smooth \mathbb{N}-valued functions, instead of all such functions.

      (chapter VI, 1.6)

      The object N=C ()N = \ell C^\infty(\mathbb{N}) is called the object of smooth natural numbers . It may be thought of as containing “infinite natural numbers”.

the topos \mathcal{B}

The smooth topos \mathcal{B} may be motivated as a slight refinement of the topos 𝒵\mathcal{Z} designed such that in the internal logic of \mathcal{B} it does become true that for 𝕀\mathbb{I} the object of invertible infinitesimals, we have x:x𝕀\exists x : x \in \mathbb{I}, internally.

Definition

(chapter VI, 5.1)

:=Sh finopen/proj(𝕃)\mathcal{B} := Sh_{fin-open/proj}(\mathbb{L}) is the category of sheaves on the site 𝕃\mathbb{L} of smooth loci with covering sieves given by

  • finite open covers as above for \mathbb{Z}

  • and in addition letting projections A×BA\ell A \times \ell B \to \ell A out of products in 𝕃\mathbb{L} (for B0B \neq 0 if A0A \neq 0) be singleton covers.

(This is not a Grothendieck topology, as it is not closed under composition, but still a coverage.)

Proposition

(properties)

The topos inherits most of the properties of 𝒵\mathcal{Z}, notably:

A main difference is that in \mathcal{B} every smooth locus, i.e. every representable, is an inhabited object. In particular therefore there exist, in the internal logic, elements of the object of invertible infinitesimals:

x𝕀. \exists x \in \mathbb{I} \,.

(chpater VI, prop 5.4).

category: reference

Last revised on January 20, 2024 at 17:20:07. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.