analysis (differential/integral calculus, functional analysis, topology)
metric space, normed vector space
open ball, open subset, neighbourhood
convergence, limit of a sequence
compactness, sequential compactness
continuous metric space valued function on compact metric space is uniformly continuous
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For an abelian group, then a norm on the group is a function
to the real numbers, such that
(positivity)
(linearity) for all .
Here denotes the absolute value.
A group with a norm is a normed group, see there for more.
In constructive mathematics, it is common to replace the denial inequality with a tight apartness relation in the positivity condition.
For a field equipped with a valuation (most usually, a local field such as , , or a p-adic completion of a number field), a norm on a -vector space is a function
such that for all , we have
(where denotes the valuation)
if then .
If the third property is not required, one speaks of a seminorm.
If the triangle identity is strengthened to
one speaks of a non-archimedean seminorm, otherwise of an archimedean one.
A vector space equipped with a norm is a normed vector space. A vector of norm 1 is a unit vector.
Each seminorm determines a topology, which is Hausdorff precisely if it is a norm.
A topological vector space is called (semi-)normed if its topology can be induced by a (semi-)norm.
Two seminorms and are called equivalent if there are such that for all we have
Equivalent seminorms determine the same topology.
The collection of (bounded) multiplicative seminorms on a (Banach) ring is called its analytic spectrum (see there for details).
The standard absolute value is a norm on the real numbers.
More generally, on any Cartesian space the Euclidean norm is given by
more generally, for , and , , then the Cartesian space carries the p-norm
The p-norm generalizes to sequence spaces and Lebesgue spaces.
Let be a vector space and an absorbing absolutely convex subset. The Minkowski functional of is the function defined by:
This is a semi-norm on .
The (open or closed) unit ball of a seminormed vector space is a convex set, a balanced set and an absorbing set. The first two of these properties make the unit ball (or even any ball of positive radius) an absolutely convex set.
In dream mathematics, a given real vector space (with no topological structure) can have at most one complete norm, up to topological equivalence (homeomorphism of the identity function). It can have multiple inequivalent complete seminorms and incomplete norms, but their Hausdorff quotients and completions must be different. For example, the various Lebesgue norms on a Cartesian space for finite are complete and equivalent; on , they are inequivalent but incomplete.
As dream mathematics includes excluded middle and dependent choice, the existence of inequivalent complete norms on a given vector space cannot be proved without a stronger form of the axiom of choice, enough to disprove the Baire property (which is the only classically false axiom needed in the proof of uniqueness). In HAF, it is argued that this explains why, in applied mathematics, there tends to be only one norm considered on any particular vector space (after Hausdorff completion).
This theorem applies more generally to F-norms but not to G-norms (even on a real vector space).
In constructive mathematics, the notion of “real numbers” bifurcates: the Dedekind real numbers are different from the modulated Cauchy real numbers, which are different from the HoTT book real numbers, which are different from the localic real numbers, and so on. As a result, there are multiple sets of real numbers in which a metric could be valued in.
In predicative mathematics, the issue becomes even worse: there is no longer one set of Dedekind real numbers, but a whole hierarchy of Dedekind real numbers, one set for every universe in the foundations. As a result, one cannot resort to merely using the Dedekind real numbers for defining the norm as in impredicative mathematics, one has to define norms and normed spaces more generally.
Thus, given an Archimedean integral domain , for a field equipped with a valuation, an -norm on a -vector space is a function
such that for all , we have
(where denotes the valuation)
if then .
One could define -seminorms, non-archimedean -norms, and -normed vector spaces in the same way as above.
Wikipedia, Normed vector space
Siegfried Bosch, Ulrich Güntzer, Reinhold Remmert, Non-Archimedean Analysis – A systematic approach to rigid analytic geometry, 1984 (pdf)
HAF, §27.47.b (for uniqueness in dream mathematics)
Last revised on January 3, 2024 at 09:56:45. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.