nLab group

Contents

Context

Category theory

Group Theory

Monoid theory

Contents

Definition

A group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set GG and a binary operation \star that satisfies the group axioms, being:

  • associativity: a,b,cG:(ab)c=a(bc)\forall a,b,c \in G: (a \star b) \star c = a \star (b \star c)
  • identity: eG,aG:ea=ae=a\exists e \in G, \forall a \in G: e \star a = a \star e = a
  • inverse: aG,a 1G:aa 1=a 1a=e\forall a \in G, \exists a^{-1} \in G: a \star a^{-1} = a^{-1} \star a = e

It follows that the inverse a 1a^{-1} is unique for all aa and GG is non-empty.

In a broader sense, a group is a monoid in which every element has a (necessarily unique) inverse. When written with a view toward group objects (see Internalization below), one should rather say that a group is a monoid together with an inversion operation.

An abelian group is a group where the order in which two elements are multiplied is irrelevant. That is, it satisfies commutativity: a,bG:ab=ba\forall a,b \in G : a \star b = b \star a.

Delooping

To some extent, a group “is” a groupoid with a single object, or more precisely a pointed groupoid with a single object.

The delooping of a group GG is a groupoid BG\mathbf{B} G with

  • Obj(BG)={}Obj(\mathbf{B}G) = \{\bullet\}

  • Hom BG(,)=GHom_{\mathbf{B}G}(\bullet, \bullet) = G.

Since for G,HG, H two groups, functors BGBH\mathbf{B}G \to \mathbf{B}H are canonically in bijection with group homomorphisms GHG \to H, this gives rise to the following statement:

Let Grpd be the 1-category whose objects are groupoids and whose morphisms are functors (discarding the natural transformations). Let Grp be the category of groups. Then the delooping functor

B:GrpGrpd \mathbf{B} \colon Grp \to Grpd

is a full and faithful functor. In terms of this functor we may regard groups as the full subcategory of groupoids on groupoids with a single object.

It is in this sense that a group really is a groupoid with a single object.

But notice that it is unnatural to think of Grpd as a 1-category. It is really a 2-category, namely the sub-2-category of Cat on groupoids.

And the category of groups is not equivalent to the full sub-2-category of the 2-category of groupoids on one-object groupoids.

The reason is that two functors:

Bf 1,Bf 2:BGBH \mathbf{B}f_1, \mathbf{B}f_2 \colon \mathbf{B}G \to \mathbf{B}H

coming from two group homomorphisms f 1,f 2:GHf_1, f_2 \colon G \to H are related by a natural transformation η h:Bf 1Bf 2\eta_h \colon \mathbf{B}f_1 \to \mathbf{B}f_2 with single component η h:hMor(BH)\eta_h \colon \bullet \mapsto h \in Mor(\mathbf{B} H) for each element hHh \in H such that the homomorphisms f 1f_1 and f 2f_2 differ by the inner automorphism Ad h:HHAd_h \colon H \to H

(η h:Bf 1Bf 2)(f 2=Ad hf 1). (\eta_h \colon \mathbf{B}f_1 \to \mathbf{B}f_2) \Leftrightarrow (f_2 = Ad_h \circ f_1) \,.

To fix this, look at the category of pointed groupoids with pointed functors? and pointed natural transformations. Between group homomorphisms as above, only identity transformations are pointed, so GrpGrp becomes a full sub-22-category of Grpd *Grpd_* (one that happens to be a 11-category). (Details may be found in the appendix to Lectures on n-Categories and Cohomology and should probably be added to pointed functor? and maybe also k-tuply monoidal n-category.)

Generalizations

Internalization

A group object internal to a category CC with finite products is an object GG together with maps mult:G×GGmult:G\times G\to G, id:1Gid:1\to G, and inv:GGinv:G\to G such that various diagrams expressing associativity, unitality, and inverses commute.

Equivalently, it is a functor C opGrpC^{op}\to Grp whose underlying functor C opSetC^{op} \to Set is representable.

For example, a group object in Diff is a Lie group. A group object in Top is a topological group. A group object in Sch/S (the category or relative schemes) is an SS-group scheme. And a group object in CAlg opCAlg^{op}, where CAlg is the category of commutative algebras, is a (commutative) Hopf algebra.

A group object in Grp is the same thing as an abelian group (see Eckmann-Hilton argument), and a group object in Cat is the same thing as an internal category in Grp, both being equivalent to the notion of crossed module.

In higher categorical and homotopical contexts

Internalizing the notion of group in higher categorical and homotopical contexts yields various generalized notions. For instance

And the notion of loop space object and delooping makes sense (at least) in any (infinity,1)-category.

Notice that the relation between group objects and deloopable objects becomes more subtle as one generalizes this way. For instance not every group object in an (infinity,1)-category is deloopable. But every group object in an (infinity,1)-topos is.

Weakened axioms

Following the practice of centipede mathematics, we can remove certain properties from the definition of group and see what we get:

  • remove inverses to get monoids, then remove the identity to get semigroups;
  • or remove associativity to get loops, then remove the identity to get quasigroups;
  • or remove all of the above to get magmas;
  • or instead allow (in a certain way) for the binary operation to be partial to get groupoids, then remove inverses to get categories, and then remove identities to get semicategories
  • etc.

Examples

Special types and classes

Concrete examples

Standard examples of finite groups include the

Standard examples of non-finite groups include thr

Standard examples of Lie groups include the

Standard examples of topological groups include

Counterexamples

For more see counterexamples in algebra.

  1. A non-abelian group, all of whose subgroups are normal:

    Qa,b|a 4=1,a 2=b 2,ab=ba 3 Q \coloneqq \langle a, b | a^4 = 1, a^2 = b^2, a b = b a^3 \rangle
  2. A finitely presented, infinite, simple group

    Thomson's group T.

  3. A group that is not the fundamental group of any 3-manifold.

    4 \mathbb{Z}^4
  4. Two finite non-isomorphic groups with the same order profile.

    C 4×C 4,C 2×a,b,|a 4=1,a 2=b 2,ab=ba 3 C_4 \times C_4, \qquad C_2 \times \langle a, b, | a^4 = 1, a^2 = b^2, a b = b a^3 \rangle
  5. A counterexample to the converse of Lagrange's theorem.

    The alternating group A 4A_4 has order 1212 but no subgroup of order 66.

  6. A finite group in which the product of two commutators is not a commutator.

    G=(ac)(bd),(eg)(fh),(ik)(jl),(mo)(np),(ac)(eg)(ik),(ab)(cd)(mo),(ef)(gh)(mn)(op),(ij)(kl)S 16 G = \langle (a c)(b d), (e g)(f h), (i k)(j l), (m o)(n p), (a c)(e g)(i k), (a b)(c d)(m o), (e f)(g h)(m n)(o p), (i j)(k l)\rangle \subseteq S_{16}
algebraic structureoidification
magmamagmoid
pointed magma with an endofunctionsetoid/Bishop set
unital magmaunital magmoid
quasigroupquasigroupoid
looploopoid
semigroupsemicategory
monoidcategory
anti-involutive monoiddagger category
associative quasigroupassociative quasigroupoid
groupgroupoid
flexible magmaflexible magmoid
alternative magmaalternative magmoid
absorption monoidabsorption category
cancellative monoidcancellative category
rigCMon-enriched category
nonunital ringAb-enriched semicategory
nonassociative ringAb-enriched unital magmoid
ringringoid
nonassociative algebralinear magmoid
nonassociative unital algebraunital linear magmoid
nonunital algebralinear semicategory
associative unital algebralinear category
C-star algebraC-star category
differential algebradifferential algebroid
flexible algebraflexible linear magmoid
alternative algebraalternative linear magmoid
Lie algebraLie algebroid
monoidal poset2-poset
strict monoidal groupoid?strict (2,1)-category
strict 2-groupstrict 2-groupoid
strict monoidal categorystrict 2-category
monoidal groupoid(2,1)-category
2-group2-groupoid/bigroupoid
monoidal category2-category/bicategory

Literature

For more see also the references at group theory.

The terminology “group” was introduced (for what today would more specifically be called permutation groups) in

The original article that gives a definition equivalent to the modern definition of a group:

  • Heinrich Weber, Beweis des Satzes, dass jede eigentlich primitive quadratische Form unendlich viele Primzahlen darzustellen fähig ist, Mathematische Annalen 20:3 (1882), 301–329 (doi:10.1007/bf01443599)

Introduction of group theory into (quantum) physics (cf. Gruppenpest):

Textbook account in relation to applications in physics:

See also:

Formalization of group structure in dependent type theory:

in Coq:

and with the univalence axiom

in Agda:

in cubical Agda:

in Lean:

Exposition in a context of homotopy type theory:

  • Egbert Rijke, Section 19 in: Introduction to Homotopy Type Theory, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, Cambridge University Press [arXiv:2212.11082]

Alternative discussion (under looping and delooping) of groups in homotopy type theory as pointed connected homotopy 1-types:

category: group theory

Last revised on July 10, 2024 at 18:54:21. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.