(also nonabelian homological algebra)
Context
Basic definitions
Stable homotopy theory notions
Constructions
Lemmas
Homology theories
Theorems
The five lemma is one of the basic lemmas of homological algebra, useful for example in the construction of the connecting homomorphism in the homology long exact sequence.
Let be an abelian category. Consider a commutative diagram in of the form
where the top and bottom rows are exact sequences. For simplicity we denote all the differentials in both exact sequences by .
on terminology
The weak four lemma is another terminology (cf. MacLane, Homology) for the same as 1.1 and 1.2 except that in 1.1 is not required to exist, and in 1.2 is not required to exist (see four lemma), where the dropped requirements are inessential as not used in the proof.
The four lemma follows immediately from the salamander lemma, as discussed at salamander lemma - impliciations - four lemma. Here is a direct proof.
By the Freyd-Mitchell embedding theorem we can always assume that the abelian category is Mod (though this requires the category to be small, one can always take a smaller abelian subcategory containing the morphism in the diagram which is small). Then we can do the diagram chasing using elements in that setup. We prove only 1) as 2) is dual.
Suppose . Since is epi, one can choose an element such that . Now . Since is a monomorphism that means that as well. By the exactness of the upper row, that means there is such that , hence also . We would like that be equal to but this is not so, we just see that and hence by exactness of the lower row there is such that . Since is also epi, there is such that . Now is such that
demonstrating that is in the image of .
Hence is an epimorphism.
(five-lemma for non-abelian groups)
The five lemma (Prop. ) also holds in the category Grp of all groups (including non-abelian groups), by essentially the same diagram-chasing proof. In fact, Grp, while not abelian, is still a homological category (by this Example); and the five-lemma generally extends to homological categories, see below.
One may avoid appealing to the Freyd-Mitchell embedding theorem in the above proof if one works with generalized elements or uses the device of interpreting regular logic in the given abelian category. The former requires a bit of manual reformulation, while the latter is almost automatic, as the element-based proof given above only uses (constructive) regular reasoning.
(five lemma in homological categories)
In any homological category, given a commuting diagram of the form
such that
both rows are exact;
all outer vertical morphisms are isomorphisms
then the middle vertical morphism (dashed) is also an isomorphism.
(five-lemma in the homological category of non-abelian groups)
Since the category Grp of all groups (including non-abelian groups) is homological (by this Example), the classical fact that the five lemma holds in Grp (Rem. ) is an example of Prop. .
A special case of the five lemma is the short five lemma where the objects above are all zero objects. It may hold in more general setups, sometimes with additional assumptions.
(short five lemma)
Let and be two exact sequences. If a homomorphism makes the diagram
commute, then is an isomorphism.
The short split five lemma is a statement usually stated in the setup of semiabelian categories:
(short split five lemma)
Given a commutative diagram
where and are split epimorphisms and and are their kernels, then: if and are isomorphisms, so is .
(see Janedlze 2009, Prop. 1.3.3.)
The short five lemma holds in the category of abelian topological groups, even though that category is not semi-abelian. For a proof, see this paper by Borceux and Clementino.
Early references of the 5-lemma:
(lemma (5,9) in) D. A. Buchsbaum, Exact categories and duality, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society Vol. 80, No. 1 (1955), pp. 1-34 (JSTOR)
(prop.1.1, page 5) Henri Cartan, Samuel Eilenberg, Homological algebra, Princeton Univ. Press 1956
(lemma 3.3 in chapter I) S. MacLane, Homology, Springer 1963, 1975
Modern
Charles Weibel, Ex. 1.3.3 in: An Introduction to Homological Algebra
Nicolas Bourbaki, Homological algebra (Algebra ch. X) 1980
In nonabelian contexts:
Francis Borceux, Dominique Bourn, Mal'cev, protomodular, homological and semi-abelian categories, Mathematics and Its Applications 566, Kluwer 2004
Tamar Janelidze, Foundations of relative non-abelian homological algebra, 2009 (pdf, pdf, hdl:11427/4891)
The short 5-lemma also appears in various topological algebra contexts; see for example
Last revised on September 22, 2021 at 10:08:51. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.