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For a category with the structure of a model category and a functor having an adjoint, under certain conditions it is possible to transfer the model structure from to a model structure on by declaring the weak equivalences, and the fibrations (if is a right adjoint) or cofibrations (if is a left adjoint), in to be precisely those morphisms whose images under are such in . If is a right adjoint this is called the right transferred, right induced, or right lifted model structure, and dually in the left case.
Typically this arises in situations where consist of the “same” objects as but equipped with extra stuff, structure, property, and is the corresponding forgetful functor sending objects in to their underlying objects in . Then a left adjoint of is the corresponding free functor, while a right adjoint is a cofree functor.
(right transferred model structure)
Let be a model category and
a pair of adjoint functors with right adjoint . Define a morphism in to be
a fibration or weak equivalence precisely if its image under is so in , respectively
(by adjointness this means that the fibrations form equivalently the class with the right lifting property against the image under of the acyclic cofibrations in );
a cofibration precisely if it has the left lifting property with respect to the fibrations that are also weak equivalences, according to the previous item.
If these classes of maps define a model category structure on , then it is called the right transferred model structure (Crans 1995, §3) or sometimes right induced model structure or right lifted model structure from along .
In the above situation of Def. it is clear what one means by an acyclic fibration in , but the notion of acyclic cofibration in is, a priori, ambiguous. For the purpose of stating the following Thm. we declare that:
an acyclic fibration in is (of course) a morphism that is both a fibration and a weak equivalence, or equivalently whose image under is an acyclic fibration in .
a morphism is is
a cofibration weak equivalence if it is both a cofibration and a weak equivalence in the sense of Def. ;
an anodyne map if it has the left lifting property with respect to all fibrations.
Of course, if the transferred model structure exists, then these two classes of maps coincide.
Conversely we have:
A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the right transferred model structure (Def. ) is that:
Every morphism in factors as
a cofibration followed by a trivial fibration,
an anodyne map followed by a fibration;
every anodyne map is a weak equivalence.
Clearly the conditions are necessary. For the converse, the weak equivalences have the 2-out-of-3 property, all the classes of maps are closed under retracts, the lifting properties hold by definition (for the anodyne maps), and we have assumed the factorization properties (for the anodyne maps), so it remains to show that every cofibration weak equivalence is anodyne. This follows by the standard retract argument: if is a cofibration weak equivalence, factor it as with anodyne and a fibration. Then since anodyne maps are weak equivalences and weak equivalences satisfy 2-out-of-3, is an acyclic fibration. Thus has the left lifting property against , hence is a retract of and thus also anodyne.
Dually, if is a model category and we have an adjunction
with left adjoint, define a morphism in to be
a cofibration or weak equivalence precisely if its image under is, respectively, in .
a fibration precisely if it has the right lifting property with respect to the cofibrations that are weak equivalences.
If these classes of maps define a model structure on , it is called the left transferred model structure (or sometimes left induced model structure or left lifted model structure) from .
The above necessary and sufficient conditions dualize directly.
The most traditional way to obtain the factorization properties in the right-transferred case (Thm. ) is to assume that is cofibrantly generated.
In the right-transferred situation (Def. ), suppose that
the functor preserves small objects
(which is the case, in particular, when preserves filtered colimits),
then every morphism in factors as a cofibration followed by a trivial fibration, and as an anodyne map followed by a fibration.
Moreover, if every anodyne map is a weak equivalence so that the transferred model structure on exists (by Thm. ), then it is itself cofibrantly generated, and for (resp. ) a set of generating cofibrations (resp. acyclic cofibrations) in , the image set (resp. ) forms a set of generating cofibrations (resp. acyclic cofibrations) in .
By the hom-isomorphism of the adjoint pair , a morphism is a fibration (resp. trivial fibration) if and only if it has the right lifting property against the maps in (resp. ). Since preserves small objects, the sets and permit the small object argument in , which therefore yields (cofibration, trivial fibration) and (anodyne, fibration) factorizations.
Another way to produce these factorizations is to generate them by a functorial factorization:
Suppose is an adjunction, where has pushouts, and that
has a functorial factorization with a right weak composition law for factorizations (e.g. if it is algebraic),
the induced functorial factorization on permits Garner’s small object argument (e.g. if and are locally presentable and all functors are accessible).
Then there is an induced (algebraic) weak factorization system on whose right class consists precisely of those maps whose -image admits an -algebra structure.
Given a morphism in , factor it as follows, where the upper commutative square is a pushout:
This yields a functorial factorization on . By the universal property of pushout, an -algebra structure on is determined by a diagonal lifting in the square
which corresponds by adjunction to precisely an -algebra structure on . Thus, the right weak composition law for -algebras lifts to a right weak composition law for -algebras. Garner’s small object argument applied to then produces a monad over with a right strong composition law, which is therefore an algebraic weak factorization system whose algebraic right maps are the -algebras, and in particular whose underlying right chlass is as desired those maps whose -image is in .
In particular, therefore, the factorizations of any accessible model structure right-lift along any adjunction between locally presentable model categories, whether or not they are cofibrantly generated. But the cofibrantly generated case can also be subsumed, by taking to be the one-step factorization produced by the generating left maps.
Left-lifting is generally rather trickier. But by invoking fancier categorical machinery, one can show more generally:
Suppose given a functor between locally presentable categories and an accessible weak factorization system on .
If has a left adjoint , then right-lifts along to an accessible wfs on .
If has a right adjoint , then left-lifts along to an accessible wfs on .
Moreover, if is cofibrantly generated, so are the lifted wfs.
See HKRS15 and GKR18 for the lifting of accessible wfs. Cofibrant generation of a right-lifted wfs follows as in Theorem above, while in the left-lifted case it is Remark 3.8 of Makkai & Rosický 2014.
This sort of result seems to be necessary for the case of left-lifting; the simpler cofibrantly-generated argument does not dualize as directly.
The “acyclicity condition” in Thm. , i.e. that anodyne maps are weak equivalences, is usually the most difficult to check. Sometimes useful is the observation that for right-lifting in the cofibrantly generated case, it suffices to show that sequential colimits of pushouts of images under of the generating acyclic cofibrations in (i.e. forming -cell complexes) yield weak equivalences in . This is because the small object actually factors any map as such an -cell complex followed by a fibration; hence by the retract argument every anodyne map is a retract of an -cell complex.
Another useful sufficient condition is the following, going back roughly to section II.4 of (Quillen).
In the situation of right transfer (Def. ), where is a right adjoint, suppose that
has a fibrant replacement functor (in fact it suffices for individual objects and morphisms to have fibrant replacements, while functoriality is not necessary),
has path objects for fibrant objects, i.e. a factorization of the diagonal as a weak equivalence followed by a fibration .
Then any anodyne map in is a weak equivalence. Thus, if the two factorizations exist in , then the transferred model structure exists.
The notation in the following is mostly that of Rezk 02, Lemma 7.6.
Let be a fibrant replacement functor, with natural weak equivalence , suppose is anodyne, and consider the following commuting diagram:
Both squares are pullbacks, defining the object and the morphism making the following square commute:
The morphism is the composite at the top, which is a pullback of ; but the latter is a fibration (as the composite ) and a weak equivalence (as a retraction for ), so it and hence also are acyclic fibrations. Moreover, since , by 2-out-of-3 is also a weak equivalence.
Now the projection is a fibration, so since is anodyne there is a lift in the second square as shown. Since and are weak equivalences, by 2-out-of-6 it follows that is a weak equivalence.
Note that this condition also dualizes straightforwardly to the left-transferred case.
Given a pair of adjoint functors such that:
and are locally presentable categories,
is equipped with the structure of a cofibrantly generated model category (hence a combinatorial model category) with classes of (co-)/fibrations and weak equivalences ,
(i.e. co-anodyne maps are weak equivalences),
then the left-transferred model category structure on exists (i.e. with cofibrations and weak equivalences ) and is itself cofibrantly generated.
As observed in the proof of BHKKRS 2015, Thm. 2.23, the existence of the required cofibrantly generated factorization systems follows by Makkai & Rosický 2014, Rem. 3.8 with the comment below Def. 2.3 there, which in turn invokes Lurie 2009, §A.1.5.12. In particular, from inside the proof of Makkai & Rosický 2014, Thm. 3.2 one has that a small set of generating (acyclic) cofibrations of the left transferred model structure is given by those between -presentable objects, for some un-countable regular cardinal .
If carries the structure of a right proper model category, then also a right-transferred model structure on (Def. ) is right proper.
Let
be a pullback diagram in , with the bottom morphism a weak equivalence and the right morphism a fibration. We need to show that then also the top morphism is a weak equivalence. By definition of transfer, this is equivalent to being a weak equivalence in .
Since is a right adjoint it preserves pullbacks, so that also
is a pullback diagram in . Since by definition of the transferred model strucure this is still the pullback of a weak equivalence along a fibration, and since is assumed to be right proper, it follows that is a weak equivalence in , hence that is a weak equivalence in .
Often the underlying model category is an enriched model category over some monoidal model category and one wishes to transfer also the model enrichment.
Assume the adjunction
satisfies the conditions of the above proposition for right transfer, so that the model structure on is transferred to . Consider the case that is moreover an -enriched model category and that can be equipped with the structure of a -enriched category that is also -powered and copowered.
Assume now that the -powering of is taken by to the -powering of , in that .
Then the transferred model structure and the -enrichment on are compatible and make an -enriched model category.
By the axioms of enriched model category one sufficient condition to be checked is that for any cofibration in and for any fibration in , we have that the induced morphism
is a fibration, which is a weak equivalence if at least one of the two input morphisms is. By the induced model structure, this is checked by applying . But by assumption commutes with the powering, and since is a right adjoint it commutes with taking the pullback, so that under the morphism is
which is the morphism induced from . That this is indeed an (acyclic) fibration follows now from the fact that is an -enriched model category.
The right-transfer along an adjoint equivalence always exists, and here also the cofibrations are given by the preimage under .
The projective model structure on functors is right-transferred from the product model structure on . Dually, the injective model structure on functors, when it exists, is left-transferred from .
The model structure on algebraic fibrant objects is right-transferred from the underlying model category by forgetting the choice of fillers.
If is an accessible strict 2-monad on a locally finitely presentable 2-category . then the category of strict -algebras admits a right-transferred model structure from the 2-trivial model structure on . The acyclicity condition is proved by using pseudolimits of arrows for path objects, and the (cofibration, trivial fibration) factorization is constructed using a version of the construction of Lemma (since the 2-trivial model structure on may not be cofibrantly generated).
A counterexample is provided as Example 3.7 of (Goerss & Schemmerhorn 2007). Let be a field of characteristic 2 and consider the adjunction
of the symmetric algebra functor and the forgetful functor between graded commutative DGAs and chain complexes. One sees that does not preserve the weak equivalence between 0 and the complex with one copy of in degrees and . Since all chain complexes are cofibrant this means that cannot be upgraded to a Quillen adjunction.
A more category-theoretic counterexample is that the Reedy model structure on directed graphs internal to Cat does not right-transfer to the category DblCat? of double categories along the free-forgetful adjunction. One of the generatic trivial cofibrations for the Reedy model structure “transports” a horizontal arrow (in double-category terminology) along two vertical isomorphisms, which is a levelwise equivalence. But upon pushing out the free double category generated by this along a map into some other double category, new composite horizontal arrows may be generated in the codomain that are not isomorphic to the image of anything in the domain; thus the pushout is no longer a levelwise equivalence. So, the acyclicity condition fails.
The explicit notion of right transfer is due to:
and for the case of cofibrantly generated model categories due to:
The existence result of right transfer due to Crans 1995, Thm. 3.3 and Dwyer, Hirschhorn & Kan 1997, Thm. 91 (“Crans-Kan transfer theorem”) is reviewed/reworked, with variations, in:
Paul Goerss, J. F. Jardine, Section II.4 of: Simplicial homotopy theory, Progress Mathematics 174, Birkhäuser (1999) [doi:10.1007/978-3-0346-0189-4]
Philip Hirschhorn, Thm. 11.3.2 in: Model Categories and Their Localizations, Math. Survey and Monographs 99, AMS (2002) [ISBN:978-0-8218-4917-0, pdf toc, pdf]
Denis-Charles Cisinski, Prop. 1.4.23 of: Les préfaisceaux comme types d’homotopie|Les préfaisceaux comme modèles des types d’homotopie, Astérisque 308 Soc. Math. France (2006), 392 pages [numdam:AST_2006__308__R1_0, pdf]
Paul Goerss, Kristen Schemmerhorn, §3.2 of: Model Categories and Simplicial Methods, Notes from lectures given at the University of Chicago, August 2004, in: Interactions between Homotopy Theory and Algebra, Contemporary Mathematics 436 AMS (2007) [arXiv:math.AT/0609537, doi:10.1090/conm/436]
Clemens Berger, Ieke Moerdijk, Section 2.5 of: Axiomatic homotopy theory for operads, Comment. Math. Helv. 78 (2003) 4 [arXiv:math/0206094, doi:10.1007/s00014-003-0772-y, pdf]
These arguments all go back (cf. Goerss & Shemmerhorn 2007, p. 20) to:
The above proof of acyclicity in the presence of path objects is taken from:
Discussion of left transfer (left-induced model structures):
Kathryn Hess, Brooke Shipley, §4 in: The homotopy theory of coalgebras over a comonad, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 108 2 (2014) [arXiv:1205.3979, doi:10.1112/plms/pdt038]
Marzieh Bayeh, Kathryn Hess, Varvara Karpova, Magdalena Kedziorek, Emily Riehl, Brooke Shipley, Left-induced model structures and diagram categories, in: Women in Topology: Collaborations in Homotopy Theory, Contemporary Mathematics 641 American Mathematical Society (2015) [arXiv:1401.3651, ISBN:978-1-4704-2495-4]
Kathryn Hess, Magdalena Kedziorek, Emily Riehl, Brooke Shipley, A necessary and sufficient condition for induced model structures, J. Topology 10 2 (2017) 324-369 [arXiv:1509.08154, doi:10.1112/topo.12011]
Beware that HKRS15 contains an error, corrected by:
Technical lemmas regarding the underlying cellular categories:
M. Makkai, J. Rosický, Cellular categories, J. Pure Appl. Alg. 218 (2014) 1652-1664 [arXiv:1304.7572, doi:10.1016/j.jpaa.2014.01.005]
Jacob Lurie, Appendix A of: Higher Topos Theory (2009)
The right-transferred model structure on algebras for a 2-monad is from
Last revised on April 28, 2023 at 20:03:29. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.