model category, model -category
Definitions
Morphisms
Universal constructions
Refinements
Producing new model structures
Presentation of -categories
Model structures
for -groupoids
on chain complexes/model structure on cosimplicial abelian groups
related by the Dold-Kan correspondence
for equivariant -groupoids
for rational -groupoids
for rational equivariant -groupoids
for -groupoids
for -groups
for -algebras
general -algebras
specific -algebras
for stable/spectrum objects
for -categories
for stable -categories
for -operads
for -categories
for -sheaves / -stacks
The model category structures on functor categories are models for (∞,1)-categories of (∞,1)-functors.
For a model category and any small category there are two “obvious” ways to put a model category structure on the functor category , called the projective and the injective model structures. For completely general , neither one need exist, but there are rather general conditions that ensure their existence. In particular, the projective model structure exists as long as is cofibrantly generated, while both model structures exist if is accessible (and in particular if it is combinatorial). In the case of enriched diagrams, additional cofibrancy-type conditions are required on .
A related kind of model structure is the Reedy model structure/generalized Reedy model structure on functor categories, which applies for any model category , but requires to be a very special sort of category, namely a Reedy category/generalized Reedy category.
In the special case that sSet is the classical model structure on simplicial sets the projective and injective model structure on the functor categories are described in more detail at global model structure on simplicial presheaves and model structure on sSet-enriched presheaves.
Let be a symmetric monoidal category, let be an -model category that is an -enriched category, and let be a small -enriched category. Usually we have either or else is a monoidal model category and an -enriched model category.
Let denote the enriched functor category, whose objects are -enriched functors .
We define the following classes of maps in :
If either of these choices defines a model structure on , we call it the projective model structure or injective model structure respectively. Of course, the projective cofibrations and injective fibrations can then be characterized by lifting properties.
The projective model structure can be regarded as a right-transferred model structure. This yields the following basic result on its existence.
(existence and cofibrant generation of projective structure on enriched functors)
Given
, a pair of -enriched categories
where carries the structure of
which admits copowers by the hom-objects , which preserve acyclic cofibrations.
(This is the case for instance if Set, or if is a monoidal model category, is an -model category, and the hom-objects are cofibrant in .)
Then the projective model structure on the enriched functor category exists, and is again cofibrantly generated.
Assuming the existence of such copowers, for any the “evaluation at ” functor has a left adjoint sending to the functor , where denotes the copower. Now if and are generating sets of cofibrations and trivial cofibrations for , let be the set of maps in , for all and , and similarly for . Then the projective fibrations and trivial fibrations are characterized by having the right lifting property with respect to and respectively, while both and permit the small object argument since and do and colimits in are pointwise. Since the trivial fibrations in clearly coincide with the fibrations that are weak equivalences, it remains only to show that all -cell complexes are weak equivalences. But a -cell complex is objectwise a cell complex built from cells for maps , and the assumption ensures that these are trivial cofibrations in , hence so is any cell complex built from them.
There do exist projective model structures that do not fall under this theorem, however, such as the following.
If is a locally presentable 2-category with its 2-trivial model structure and is a small 2-category, then the projective model structure on exists.
This follows from the result of Lack on transferred model structures for algebras over 2-monads, since is the category of algebras for an accessible 2-monad on .
Note that need not be cofibrantly generated (and the 2-trivial model structure often fails to be cofibrantly generated), so the generality of this result is not entirely included in the previous one.
In the case when is an accessible model category, i.e. it is a locally presentable category and its constituent weak factorization systems have accessible realizations as functorial factorizations, we have the following general result from Moser (the unenriched case appears in HKRS15 and GKR18).
Let
an -cocomplete locally -presentable -enriched category that is an accessible model category,
a small -category.
Then:
If copowers by the hom-objects preserve acyclic cofibrations, then the projective model structure on exists and is accessible.
If copowers by the hom-objects preserve cofibrations, then the injective model structure on exists and is accessible
Every combinatorial model category (i.e. locally presentable and cofibrantly generated) is accessible, so Theorem shows that both model structures exist, and Theorem shows that the projective model structure is cofibrantly generated, hence (by this Prop.) also combinatorial.
In fact the injective model structure is also combinatorial, although the proof is much more involved, because there is no explicit description of the generating cofibrations and acyclic cofibrations; they have to be produced by a cardinality argument. This was first proven by in HTT, prop. A.2.8.2 and A.3.3.2 under strong assumptions on the enriching category (in particular that all objects are cofibrant), and later generalized by Makkai & Rosický 2014 to essentially the following:
Let be a locally presentable cosmos, an -cocomplete locally -presentable -enriched category that is a combinatorial model category, and a small -category. Then:
It suffices to construct the factorizations, which follows from Makkai & Rosický 2014, Remark 3.8 about left-lifting combinatorial weak factorization systems.
The projective and injective structures and , def. , are (insofar as they exist):
right or left proper model categories if is right or left proper, respectively.
-enriched model categories if is an -model category.
The statement about properness appears as HTT, remark A.2.8.4.
For a combinatorial simplicial model category, the (∞,1)-category presented by and under the above assumptions is the (∞,1)-category of (∞,1)-functors from the ordinary category to the -category presented by .
See at (∞,1)-category of (∞,1)-functors for more.
If copowers by the hom-objects of preserve trivial cofibrations, then every every fibration in is in particular a fibration in . Similarly, if powers by the hom-objects of preserve trivial fibrations, then every cofibration in is in particular a cofibration in . The hypotheses are satisfied if is unenriched, or in the monoidal model category case if the hom-objects of are cofibrant.
This is argued in the beginning of the proof of HTT, lemma A.2.8.3. For -enriched functors, this is (Piacenza 91, section 5). For details see at classical model structure on topological spaces – Model structure on enriched functors.
If is a trivial cofibration in and , then the first assumption implies that , for the left adjoint of , is a trivial cofibration in . Thus, any fibration in has the right lifting property with respect to it, which is to say that has the right lifting property with respect to . Since this is true for any , each is a fibration, i.e. is a fibration in . The other half is dual.
form a Quillen equivalence (with being the left Quillen functor).
If is a Reedy category this factors through the Reedy model structure
The functor model structures depend Quillen-functorially on their codomain, in that for
an -enriched Quillen adjunction between combinatorial -enriched model categories, postcomposition induces -enriched Quillen adjunctions
and
Moreover, if is a Quillen equivalence, then so is .
For the case that is a small category this is [Lurie, remark A.2.8.6], for the enriched case this is [Lurie, prop. A.3.3.6].
The Quillen-functoriality on the domain is more asymmetric.
(Quillen functoriality in the domain category)
For a functor between small categories or an -enriched functor between -enriched categories, let
be the adjoint triple where is precomposition with and where and are left and right Kan extension along , respectively.
Then we have Quillen adjunctions
and
For not enriched this appears as [Lurie, prop. A.2.8.7], for the enriched case it appears as [Lurie, prop. A.3.3.7].
In the -enriched case, if is a weak equivalence in the model structure on sSet-categories, then these two Quillen adjunctions are both Quillen equivalences.
Often functors are thought of as diagrams in the model category , and one is interested in obtaining their homotopy limit or homotopy colimit or, generally, for any functor, their left and right homotopy Kan extension.
These are the left and right derived functors and of
and
respectively.
For more on this see homotopy Kan extension. For the case that this reduces to homotopy limit and homotopy colimit.
For
then both the projective and the injective model structure on the sSet-enriched functor category (which exist by the above discussion) present the corresponding -category of -functors. Concretely:
The homotopy coherent nerve of the full sSet-enriched subcategory of the functor model category on its bifibrant objects, , is equivalent to the -functor quasi-category between the homotopy coherent nerves
Examples of cofibrant objects in the projective model structure are discussed at projectively cofibrant diagram.
(model structure on simplicial presheaves)
Model structures on sSet-valued functors, hence on simplicial presheaves, play a central role in the theory of combinatorial model categories and specifically in model topos-theory presenting -toposes. See at model structure on simplicial presheaves for more.
Specifically:
(Borel model structure on simplicial group actions)
For a simplicial group with sSet-enriched delooping groupoid denoted , an sSet-enriched functor is equivalently a simplicial group action of .
Under this identification, the projective model strcuture on simplicial functors (Prop. ) is equivalently the Borel model structure on simplicial group actions, a context of Borel-equivariant homotopy theory:
More generally, for an sSet-enriched groupoid (Dwyer-Kan simplicial groupoid) with a single connected component , so that the inclusion
is an sSet-enriched adjoint equivalence (see discussion there) the projective model structure on simplicial functors from Prop. is transferred under the induced adjoint equivalence of sSet-enriched functor categories
By this example it follows that morphisms in all three classes in are those which restrict on to the respective class in .
It follows that for a simplicial groupoid with any set of connected components, the projective model structure of simplicial functors over it is the product model structure of the Borel model structures of simplicial group actions, one for each connected component:
The projective model structure on -enriched functors is discussed in
Robert Piacenza section 5 of Homotopy theory of diagrams and CW-complexes over a category, Can. J. Math. Vol 43 (4), 1991 (pdf)
also chapter VI of Peter May et al., Equivariant homotopy and cohomology theory, 1996 (pdf)
See also
Textbook account of the projective model structure
The injective model structure for unenriched diagrams of simplicial sets was first constructed by
Probably the first general construction of injective model structures for enriched diagrams in combinatorial model categories was in
The projective model structure for functors to sSet on a large domain is discussed in
The case of diagrams in a 2-category is a special case of
The use of accessible model structures to construct both projective and injective model structures on unenriched diagrams was introduced in
Marzieh Bayeh, Kathryn Hess, Varvara Karpova, Magdalena Kędziorek, Emily Riehl, Brooke Shipley, Left-induced model structures and diagram categories (arXiv:1401.3651)
Kathryn Hess, Magdalena Kędziorek, Emily Riehl, Brooke Shipley, A necessary and sufficient condition for induced model structures (arXiv:1509.08154). This paper contains an error, corrected by:
Richard Garner, Magdalena Kedziorek, Emily Riehl, Lifting accessible model structures, arXiv:1802.09889
It was generalized to enriched diagrams in
The more general result above on combinatoriality of injective model structures follows from Remark 3.8 of
See also
Last revised on June 8, 2024 at 14:33:43. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.