# nLab Borel model structure

Contents

### Context

#### Model category theory

Definitions

Morphisms

Universal constructions

Refinements

Producing new model structures

Presentation of $(\infty,1)$-categories

Model structures

for $\infty$-groupoids

for ∞-groupoids

for equivariant $\infty$-groupoids

for rational $\infty$-groupoids

for rational equivariant $\infty$-groupoids

for $n$-groupoids

for $\infty$-groups

for $\infty$-algebras

general $\infty$-algebras

specific $\infty$-algebras

for stable/spectrum objects

for $(\infty,1)$-categories

for stable $(\infty,1)$-categories

for $(\infty,1)$-operads

for $(n,r)$-categories

for $(\infty,1)$-sheaves / $\infty$-stacks

group theory

# Contents

## Idea

Given a topological group $G$, the Borel model structure is a model category structure on the category of topological G-spaces, hence of topological spaces equipped with continuous group actions.

Analogously, given a simplicial group $G_\bullet$, the Borel model structure is a model category structure on the category of simplicial group actions, hence of simplicial sets equipped with $G$-action

Both of these present the (∞,1)-category of ∞-actions of the ∞-group (see there) presented by $G$.

In the context of equivariant homotopy theory this is also called the “coarse model structure” (e.g. Guillou 2006, section 5), since in general it has more weak equivalences than the fine model structure on topological G-spaces that enters Elmendorf's theorem.

## Definition

### In topological spaces

Throughout, write Top for the category of compactly generated weak Hausdorff spaces.

###### Definition

For $G \,\in\, Grp(TopSp)$ a topological group, write

(1)$\mathbf{B}G \;\in\; TopCat$

for the Top-enriched category with a single object and $G$ as its unique hom-object.

###### Remark

There is an evident isomorphism of enriched categories

(2)$G Act(TopSp) \;\simeq\; TopFnctr\big( \mathbf{B}G,\, TopSp \big)$

between topological G-spaces and the Top-enriched functor category from $\mathbf{B}G$ (1) to Top (topological presheves).

###### Proposition

For $G \in Grp(TopSp)$ a topological group there is a model category-structure

$G Act\big(TopSp\big)_{proj} \;\;\; \in \; MdlCat$

on the category of topological G-spaces whose weak equivalences and fibrations are those morphisms whose underlying continuous functions are so in the classical model structure on topological spaces.

For discrete groups this may be argued as in Guillou 2006, Thm. 5.1. For general topological groups this follows as a special case of the projective model structure on Top-enriched functor (see this Thm.), under the identification $G Act(TopSp) \,\simeq\, TopFun( \mathbf{B}G, TopSp )$ (2).

### In simplicial sets

###### Definition

For $G_\bullet$ a simplicial group write

This is the $G_\bullet$ Borel model structure, naturally a simplicial model category (DDK 80, Prop. 2.4, Goerss & Jardine 09, Chapter V, Thm. 2.3).

## Properties

### In topological spaces

#### Cofibrations and Cofibrant replacement

###### Proposition

The model category $G Act\big(TopSp_{Qu}\big)_{proj}$ from Prop. is cofibrantly generated with generating cofibrations being (see this Def.) the product with $G$ (regarded with its free left multiplication action) of the generating cofibrations of $TopSp_{Qu}$.

For discrete $G$ a statement along these lines appears as Guillou 2006, Prop. 5.3.
###### Proof

This is a special case of this Thm. about topological functor categories.

Alternatively, the statement is a special case of that for the fine model structure on topological G-spaces for the case of trivial family of closed subgroups (see there).

###### Example

Since the universal principal space $E G$ (the topological realization $E G \,=\, \big\vert W G\big\vert$ of the universal principal simplicial complex) is

• contractible: $E G \simeq_{whe} \ast$;

• equipped with a free action by $G$,

Prop. implies that the product with $E G$ in G Act(TopSp) (i.e. the product topological space with the induced diagonal action) serves as cofibrant replacement in $G Act(TopSp)$:

$\varnothing \underset{\;\in Cof\;}{\longrightarrow} X \times E G \underoverset{\;\in W \cap Fib\;}{pr_1}{\longrightarrow} X \;\;\; \in G Act\big(TopSp_{Qu}\big)_{proj} \,.$

Hm, this is not a proper argument…

#### Topological Borel construction

###### Proposition

$TopSp_{Qu} \underoverset {\underset{triv}{\longrightarrow}} {\overset{(-)/G}{\longleftarrow}} {\bot} G Act\big(TopSp_{Qu}\big)_{proj}$

between the classical model structure on topological spaces and the projective Borel model structure from Prop. , whose

(Guillou 2006, Ex. 5.5)
###### Proof

By definition of the weak equivalences and fibrations in Prop. , it is immediate that $triv$ preserves these classes of morphisms.

###### Proposition

(Borel construction of free action is weak hom. equivalent to plain quotient space)
Let $G$ be a compact Lie group and let $X$ be a G-CW complex whose $G$-action is free. Then the comparison morphism between the Borel construction and the plain quotient space of $X$ is a weak homotopy equivalence:

$(X \times E G)/G \xrightarrow{ \; (id_x \times (E G \to \ast))/G \, \in\, W \; } X/G \,.$

###### Proof

Since $E G$ is a G-CW complex, the product $X \times E G$ is cofibrant (by the analog of this Prop.) and $X$ is cofibrant by assumption and by Prop. .

Hence, by Prop. , the morphism in question is the image under a left Quillen functor, of a weak equivalence between cofibrant objects. Therefore the claim follows by Ken Brown's lemma (here).

###### Proposition

The Borel construction exhibits the left derived functor of the quotient space-left Quillen functor in Prop. :

$X \,\in\, A Act(TopSp) \;\;\;\; \Rightarrow \;\;\;\; \big(\mathbb{L}(-)/G\big)(X) \;\simeq\; \frac{E G \times X}{G} \;\;\; \in \; Ho\Big( G Act\big( TopSp_{Qu} \big)_{proj} \Big) \,.$

###### Proof

Since the left derived functor of a left Quillen functor is given by the application of the latter on any cofibrant replacement, the claim follows by Ex. .

or would follow, if that Example were argued properly

### In simplicial sets

#### Cofibrant replacement and homotopy quotients/fixed points

###### Proposition

(cofibrations of simplicial actions)
The cofibrations $i \colon X \to Y$ in $sSetCat\big(\mathbf{B}G_\bullet, sSet\big)_{proj}$ (Def. ) are precisely those morphisms such that

1. the underlying morphism of simplicial sets is a monomorphism;

2. the $G_\bullet$-action is a relatively free action, i.e. free on all simplices not in the image of $i$.

###### Remark

In particular this means that an object is cofibrant in $sSetCat\big(\mathbf{B}G_\bullet, sSet\big)_{proj}$ if the $G_\bullet$-action on it is free.

Hence cofibrant replacement is obtained by forming the product with the model $W G_\bullet$ for the total space of the universal principal bundle over $G_\bullet$ (see at simplicial group for notation and more details).

###### Remark

It follows that for $X, A \in sSetCat\big(\mathbf{B}G_\bullet, sSet\big)_{proj}$ the derived hom space

$R Hom_G(X,A)$

models the Borel $G$-equivariant cohomology of $X$ with coefficients in $A$.

In particular, if $A$ is fibrant (the underlying simplicial set is a Kan complex) then:

1. if the $G_\bullet$-action on $A$ is trivial, then

$R Hom_G(X,A) \simeq Hom_G(W G \times X , A) \simeq Hom(W G \times_G X, A)$

is equivalently maps of simplicial sets out of the Borel construction on $X$;

2. if $X = \ast$ is the point then

$R Hom_G(X,A) \simeq Hom_G(W G, A) \simeq Hom(\overline{W} G , A) \simeq A^{h G}$

is the homotopy fixed points of $A$.

#### Relation to the slice over the simplicial classifying space

###### Proposition

For $G$ a simplicial group, there is a pair of adjoint functors

(3)$G Act\big(sSet_{Qu}\big)_{proj} \underoverset {\underset{ \big((-) \times W G\big)/G }{\longrightarrow}} {\overset{ (-) \times_{\overline{W}G} W G }{\longleftarrow}} {\bot} \big(sSet_{Qu}\big)_{/\overline{W}G}$

which constitute a simplicial Quillen equivalence between the Borel model structure (Def. ) and the slice model structure of the classical model structure on simplicial sets, sliced over the simplicial classifying space $\overline{W}G$.

(this is essentially the statement of DDK 80, Prop. 2.3, Prop. 2.4)

Here:

(This may also be understood as an instance of the “fundamental theorem of $\infty$-topos theory”, see there.)

###### Proof

Consider any morphism in $sSet_{/\overline{W}G}$:

$\array{ X && \xrightarrow{\;\;f\;\;} && Y \mathrlap{\,.} \\ & {}_{\mathllap{c_X}}\searrow && \swarrow_{\mathrlap{c_Y}} \\ && \overline{W}G }$

Its image under the left adjoint functor is, by definition, the top left arrow in the following commuting diagram:

Here the right square and the total rectangle are Cartesian squares (pullback squares), by defnition of the functor. It follows by the pasting law that also the square on the left is cartesian. Specifically, since fibrations are preserved under pullback, as shown, the top left morphism in question is the pullback of $f$ along a fibration.

It follows that $(f) \underset{\overline{W}G}{\times} W G$ is:

1. a weak equivalence if $f$ is a weak equivalence, because the classical model structure on simplicial sets is a right proper model category (see here);

2. a monomorphism if $f$ is a monomorphism, since monomorphisms are preserved by pullback (see here).

Moreover, since $W G \to \overline{W}G$ is the universal principal bundle, it follows that $c_Y^\ast(W G) \to Y$ is a simplicial principal bundle, so that, in particular, the action of $G$ on $c_Y^\ast(W G)$ is free.

By Prop. this means that $(f) \underset{\overline{W}G}{\times} W G$ is a cofibration if $f$ is a cofibration.

In summary, the left adjoint functor in (3) preserves the classes of weak equivalences and of cofibrations, hence also that of acyclic cofibrations, and so it is a left Quillen functor.

Next…

In fact, these functors (3) are sSet-enriched functors which induce an equivalence of $(\infty,1)$-categories between the simplicial localizations $L_W sSetCat\big(\mathbf{B}G_\bullet, sSet\big)_{proj} \simeq L_W sSet_{/\overline{W}H}$ (DDK 80, Prop. 2.5).

This kind of relation is discussed in more detail at ∞-action.

###### Remark

The statement that (3) is an sSet-enriched adjunction is not made explicit in DDK 80; there it only says that the functors form a plain adjunction (DDK 80, Prop. 2.3) and that they are each sSet-enriched functors (DDK 80, Prop. 2.4).

The remaining observation that we have a natural isomorphism of sSet-hom-objects

$\big[ X \times_{\overline{W}G} W G, \, V \big] \;\simeq\; \big[ X, \, (V \times W G)/G \big]$

hence

$Hom \Big( \big( X \times_{\overline{W}G} W G \big) \times \Delta[\bullet], \, V \Big) \;\simeq\; Hom \big( X \times \Delta[\bullet], \, (V \times W G)/G \big)$

follows from the plain adjunction and the natural isomorphism

$(X \times_{\overline{W}G} W G) \times \Delta[\bullet] \;\simeq\; (X \times \Delta[\bullet]) \times_{\overline{W}G} W G \,,$

which, in turn, follows, for instance, via the pasting law:

#### Relation to the model structure on plain simplicial sets

For $\mathcal{G} \,\in\, Groups(sSets)$ a simplicial group, write $\mathcal{G}Actions(sSets)$ for the category of $\mathcal{G}$-actions on simplicial sets.

###### Proposition

(underlying simplicial sets and cofree simplicial action)
The forgetful functor $undrl$ from $\mathcal{G}Actions$ to underlying simplicial sets is a left Quillen functor from the Borel model structure (Def. ) to the classical model structure on simplicial sets.

$sSet \underoverset {\underset{ \;\;\; [\mathcal{G},-] \;\;\; }{\longrightarrow}} {\overset{ \;\;\; undrl \;\;\; }{\longleftarrow}} {\bot} \mathcal{G}Actions(sSet)$

sends $\mathcal{X} \in sSet$ to

• the simplicial set

$[\mathcal{G},\mathcal{X}] \;\coloneqq\; Hom_{sSet}\big( \mathcal{G} \times \Delta[\bullet], \mathcal{X}\big) \;\;\; \in sSet$
• equipped with the $\mathcal{G}$-action

$\mathcal{G} \times [\mathcal{G},\mathcal{X}] \overset{ (-) \cdot (-) }{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{G}$

which in degree $n \in \mathbb{N}$ is the function

(4)$Hom(\Delta[n], \mathcal{G}) \,\times\, Hom \big( \mathcal{G} \times \Delta[n], \, \mathcal{X} \big) \longrightarrow Hom \big( \mathcal{G} \times \Delta[n], \, \mathcal{X} \big)$

that sends

(5)\begin{aligned} & \Big( \Delta[n] \overset{g_n}{\to} \mathcal{G}, \; \mathcal{G}\times \Delta[n] \overset{\phi}{\to} \mathcal{X}, \Big) \\ \;\;\mapsto\;\; & \Big( \mathcal{G} \times \Delta[n] \overset{id \times diag}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{G} \times \Delta[n] \times \Delta[n] \overset{ id \times g_n \times id }{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{G} \times \mathcal{G} \times \Delta[n] \overset{(-)\cdot(-) \times id}{\to} \mathcal{G} \times \Delta[n] \overset{\phi}{\to} \mathcal{X} \Big) \end{aligned}

Here and in the following proof we make free use of the Yoneda lemma natural bijection

$Hom_{sSet}(\Delta[n], \mathcal{S}) \;\simeq\; \mathcal{S}_n$

for any simplicial set $S$ and for $\Delta[n] \in \Delta \overset{y}{\hookrightarrow} sSet$ the simplicial n-simplex.

###### Proof

We already know from Def. that $underl$ preserves all weak equivalences and from Prop. that it preserves all cofibrations. Therefore it is a left Quillen functor as soon as it is a left adjoint at all.

The idea of the existence of the cofree right adjoint to $undrl$ is familiar from topological G-spaces (see the section on coinduced actions there), where it can be easily expressed point-wise in point-set topology. The formula (5) adapts this idea to simplicial sets. Its form makes manifest that this gives a simplicial homomorphism, and with this the adjointness follows the usual logic by focusing on the image of the non-degenerate top-degree cell in $\Delta[n]$:

To check that (5) really gives the right adjoint, it is sufficient to check the corresponding hom-isomorphism, hence to check for $\mathcal{P} \in \mathcal{G}Actions(sSet)$, and $\mathcal{X} \in sSet$, that we have a natural bijection of hom-sets of the form

$\big\{ \mathcal{P} \overset{\;\;\phi_{(-)}\;\;}{\longrightarrow} [\mathcal{G}, \mathcal{X}] \big\} \;\;\;\overset{ \;\; \widetilde{(-)} \;\; }{\leftrightarrow}\;\;\; \big\{ undrl(\mathcal{P}) \overset{\;\; {\widetilde \phi}_{(-)} \;\; }{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{X} \big\} \,.$

So given

$\phi_{(-)} \;\colon\; p_n \mapsto \big( \phi_{p_n} \;\colon\; \mathcal{G} \times \Delta[n] \to \mathcal{X} \big)$

on the left, define

(6)$\widetilde \phi_{(-)} \;\colon\; p_n \mapsto \phi_{p_n}(e_n, \sigma_n) \;\in\; \mathcal{X}_n \,,$

where $e_n \in \mathcal{G}_n$ denotes the neutral element in degree $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and where $\sigma_n \in (\Delta[n])_n$ denotes the unique non-degenerate element $n$-cell in the n-simplex.

It is clear that this is a natural transformation in $P$ and $X$. We need to show that ${\widetilde \phi}_{(-)} \colon undrl(P) \to X$ uniquely determines all of $\phi_{(-)}$.

To that end, observe for any $g_n \in \mathcal{G}_n$ the following sequence of identifications:

\begin{aligned} \phi_{p_n}(g_n, \sigma_n) & \;=\; \phi_{p_n}( e_n \cdot g_n, \sigma_n ) \\ & \;=\; \big( g_n \cdot \phi_{p_n} \big) ( e_n, \sigma_n ) \\ & \;=\; \phi_{ g_n \cdot p_n } (e_n, \sigma_n) \\ & \;=\; {\widetilde \phi}_{g_n \cdot p_n} \end{aligned}

Here:

• the first step is the unit law in the component group $\mathcal{G}_n$;

• the second step uses the definition (5) of the cofree action;

• the third step is the assumption that $\phi_{(-)}$ is a homomorphism of $\mathcal{G}$-actions (equivariance);

• the fourth step is the definition (6).

These identifications show that $\phi_{(-)}$ is uniquely determined by ${\widetilde \phi_{(-)}}$, and vice versa.

###### Example

($\mathbf{B}\mathbb{Z}$-2-action on inertia groupoid)
Let

• $G \in Groups(Sets)$

be a discrete group,

• $X \in G Actions(Sets)$

be a $G$-action,

• $\mathcal{X} \;\coloneqq\; X \sslash G \;\coloneqq\; N( X \times G \rightrightarrows X ) \,=\, X \times G^{\times^\bullet} \in sSet$

the simplicial set which is the nerve of its action groupoid (a model for its homotopy quotient),

• $\mathcal{G} \,\coloneqq\, \mathbf{B}\mathbb{Z} \,\coloneqq\, N(\mathbb{Z} \rightrightarrows \ast) \,\coloneqq\, \mathbb{Z}^{\times^\bullet} \,\in\, Groups(sSet)$

the simplicial group which is the nerve of the 2-group that is the delooping groupoid of the additive group of integers.

Then the functor groupoid

(7)\begin{aligned} \Lambda(X \!\sslash\! G) & \;\coloneqq\; \big[ \mathbf{B}\mathbb{Z}, X \!\sslash\! G \big] \\ & \;\simeq\; Func \big( (\mathbb{Z} \rightrightarrows \ast), \, (X \times G \rightrightarrows X) \big) \\ & \;\underset{\in \mathrm{W}}{\leftarrow}\; \underset{ [g] \in ConjCl(G) }{\coprod} \Big( X^{g} \!\sslash\! C_g \Big) \end{aligned}

is known as the inertia groupoid of $X \!\sslash\! G$. Here

$ConjCla(G) \;\coloneqq\; G/_{ad} G \,, \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; C_g \;\coloneqq\; \big\{ h \in G \,\left\vert\, h \cdot g = g \cdot h \right. \big\}$

denotes, respectively, the set of conjugacy classes of elements of $G$, and the centralizer of $\{g\} \subset G$ – this data serves to express the equivalent skeleton of the inertia groupoid in the last line of (7).

Now, by Prop. the inertia groupoid (7) carries a canonical 2-action of the 2-group $\mathbf{B}\mathbb{Z}$:

By the formula (5), for $n \in \mathbb{Z}$ the 2-group element in degree 1

${\color{purple}n} \;\colon\; \Delta[1] \longrightarrow \mathbf{B} \mathbb{Z}$

acts on the morphisms

$(x,g) \overset{h}{\longrightarrow} (h\cdot x, g) \;\;\; \in \; \Lambda(X \!\sslash\! G)$

of the inertia groupoid as follows (recall the nature of products of simplices):

#### Relation to the fine model structure of equivariant homotopy theory

The identity functor gives a Quillen adjunction between the Borel model structure and the final model structure on topological G-spaces? for equivariant homotopy theory (Guillou 2006, section 5).

$L = id \;\colon\; G_\bullet Act_{coarse} \longrightarrow G_\bullet Act_{fine}$

from the Borel model structure to the genuine equivariant homotopy theory.

Because:

First of all, by (Guillou 2006, theorem 3.12, example 4.2) $sSet^{\mathbf{B}G_\bullet}$ does carry a fine model structure. By (Guillou 2006, last line of page 3) the fibrations and weak equivalences here are those maps which are ordinary fibrations and weak equivalences, respectively, on $H$-fixed point simplicial sets, for all subgroups $H$. This includes in particular the trivial subgroup and hence the identity functor

$R = id \;\colon\; G_\bullet Act_{fine} \longrightarrow G_\bullet Act_{coarse}$

is right Quillen.

#### Generalization to simplicial presheaves

Since the universal simplicial principal complex-construction is functorial

$SimplicialGroups \xrightarrow{\;\; W \;\;} SimplicialSets$
$\mathcal{G} \xrightarrow{\;\; i \;\;} W\mathcal{G} \xrightarrow{\;\; p \;\;} \overline{W}\mathcal{G}$

the pair of adjoint functors (3) extends to presheaves:

###### Proposition

For $\mathcal{C}$ a small sSet-category with

$sPSh(\mathcal{C}) \;\coloneqq\; sSetCat( \mathcal{C}^{op}, \, sSet )$

denoting its category of simplicial presheaves, and for

$\underline{\mathcal{G}} \;\in\; Groups \big( sPSh(\mathcal{C}) \big)$
$\underline{\mathcal{G}} Acts \big( sPSh(\mathcal{C}) \big)$

denoting its category of action objects internal to SimplicialPresheaves

$\underline{\mathcal{G}} Acts \big( sPSh(\mathcal{C}) \big) \underoverset { \underset{ \big( (-) \times W\underline{\mathcal{G}} \big) \big/ \underline{\mathcal{G}} } {\longrightarrow}} { \overset{ (-) \times_{\overline{W}\underline{\mathcal{G}}} W\underline{\mathcal{G}} }{\longleftarrow} } {\bot} sPSh(\mathcal{C})_{/\overline{W}\underline{\mathcal{G}}}$

###### Proof

The required hom-isomorphism is the composite of the following sequence of natural bijections:

\begin{aligned} Hom \Big( (\underline{X},p), \, \big( \underline{Y} \times W\underline{\mathcal{G}} \big) / \underline{\mathcal{G}} \Big) & \;\simeq\; Hom \Big( \underline{X}, \, \big( \underline{Y} \times W\underline{\mathcal{G}} \big) / \underline{\mathcal{G}} \Big) \underset{ Hom \Big( \underline{X}, \, \overline{W} \underline{\mathcal{G}} \Big) }{\times} \{p\} \\ & \;\simeq\; \int^c Hom \Big( \underline{X}(c), \, \big( \underline{Y}(c) \times W\underline{\mathcal{G}(c)} \big) / \underline{\mathcal{G}}(c) \Big) \underset{ \int^c Hom \Big( \underline{X}(c), \, \overline{W} \underline{\mathcal{G}}(c) \Big) }{\times} \{p\} \\ & \;\simeq\; \int^c \left( Hom \Big( \underline{X}(c), \, \big( \underline{Y}(c) \times W\underline{\mathcal{G}}(c) \big) / \underline{\mathcal{G}}(c) \Big) \underset{ Hom \Big( \underline{X}(c), \, \overline{W} \underline{\mathcal{G}}(c) \Big) }{\times} \{p(c)\} \right) \\ & \;\simeq\; \int^c Hom_{/\overline{W}\underline{\mathcal{G}}(c)} \Big( \big( \underline{X}(c), p(c)\big), \, \big( \underline{Y}(c) \times \overline{W} \underline{\mathcal{G}}(c) \big)\big/ \mathcal{G}(c) \Big) \\ & \;\simeq\; \int^c \left( \underline{\mathcal{G}}(c) Acts(sSet) \big( \underline{X}(c) \underset{ \overline{W}\underline{\mathcal{G}}(c) }{\times} W \underline{\mathcal{G}}(c), \, \underline{Y}(c) \big) \right) \\ & \;\simeq\; \mathcal{G}Acts(sPSh(\mathcal{C})) \big( \underline{X} \underset{\overline{W}\underline{\mathcal{G}}}{\times} W \underline{\mathcal{G}}, \, \underline{Y} \big) \end{aligned}

Here:

$\array{ \underline{\mathcal{G}}Acts \big( \underline{A}, \, \underline{B} \big) &\longrightarrow& \mathcal{G}(c_1)Acts \big( \underline{A}(c_1), \, \underline{B}(c_1) \big) \\ \big\downarrow && \big\downarrow \\ \mathcal{G}(c_2)Acts \big( \underline{A}(c_2), \, \underline{B}(c_2) \big) &\longrightarrow& Hom \big( \underline{A}(c_1), \, \underline{B}(c_2) \big) }$

## Literature

### In simplicial sets

The model structure, the characterization of its cofibrations, and its equivalence to the slice model structure of $sSet$ over $\bar W G$ is due to

This Quillen equivalence also mentioned as:

• William Dwyer, Exercise 4.2 in: Homotopy theory of classifying spaces, Lecture notes, Copenhagen 2008, (pdf, pdf)

Discussion in relation to the “fine” model structure of equivariant homotopy theory which appears in Elmendorf's theorem is in

Textbook account of (just) the Borel model structure:

Discussion with the model of ∞-groups by simplicial groups replaced by groupal Segal spaces is in

Discussion of a globalized model structure for actions of all simplicial groups is in

### In topological spaces

Last revised on August 12, 2022 at 16:11:16. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.