nLab Leibniz algebra

Idea

A Leibniz algebra is like a Lie algebra, but without the condition that the product, often still written as a bracket $[-,-]$, is skew-symmetric. The Jacobi identity however is retained as a condition in its form as the derivation-property of the product over itself. In view of the analogous product law of differentiation (also a derivation-property) attributed to Gottfried Leibniz, this is then called the Leibniz identity which gives Leibniz algebras their modern name (Loday 93, Loday-Pirashvili 93) even though the concept itself is older (Blokh 65).

Leibniz algebras were motivated in Cuvier 91, Loday-Pirashvili 93 as generalizing the relation between Lie algebra cohomology and cyclic homology (Loday-Quillen 84) to one between Leibniz cohomology and Hochschild homology: Where the nilpotency of the differential in the Chevalley-Eilenberg algebras that compute Lie algebra cohomology is equivalent to the Jacobi identity in the corresponding Lie algebra, Leibniz cohomology is defined on non-skew symmetric dg-algebras where now it is the generalization of the Jacobi identity in form of the Leibniz rule (1) which still guarantees the nilpotency of the differential.

More recently, Leibniz algebras have been argued to clarify the nature of the embedding tensor and the resulting tensor hierarchies in gauged supergravity (Lavau 17).

Definition

Let $k$ be a commutative ring (typically a field).

Definition

(left Leibniz algebra)

A left Leibniz $k$-algebra (or: left Loday algebra) is

• a $k$-module $A$ (hence a $k$-vector space if $k$ is a field and then often required to be finite-dimensional)

equipped with

• a linear map, the product

  $$\array{ A \otimes A &\longrightarrow& A \\ (v,w) &\mapsto& v \cdot w }$$

such that

• the product satisfies the left Leibniz identity, saying that

  (1)$$v_1 \cdot (v_ 2 \cdot v_3) \;=\; (v_1 \cdot v_2) \cdot v_3 \;+\; v_2 \cdot (v_1 \cdot v_3)$$

  for all $v_i \in A$.

This says equivalently that the operations $v \cdot (-) \colon A \to A$ of left-multiplication by elements $v \in A$ via the given product is a derivation of the product itself, whence the name (paying tribute to Gottfried Leibniz‘s product rule of differentiation).

Analogously there is the concept of right Leibniz algebras in the evident way.

Properties

Relation to Lie algebras in Loday-Pirashvili category

There is a remarkable observation of Loday and Pirashvili that in the Loday–Pirashvili tensor category of linear maps with (exotic) “infinitesimal tensor product”, the category of internal Lie algebras has the category of, say left, Leibniz $k$-algebras as a full subcategory.

Corepresentation, representation, crossed module

Both a representation and a corepresentation of a right Leibniz $k$-algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ involve a $k$-module $M$ and two $k$-linear maps “actions” $M\otimes\mathfrak{g}\to M$ and $\mathfrak{g}\otimes M\to M$ with 3 axioms.

For representations:

$$[m, [x, y]] = [[m, x], y] - [[m, y], x]$$

$$[x, [a, y]] = [[x, m], y] - [[x, y], m]$$

$$[x, [y, m]] = [[x, y], m] - [[x, m], y]$$

for $x,y\in\mathfrak{g}$ and for $m\in M$.

For corepresentatons:

$$[[x, y], m] = [x, [y, m]] - [y, [x, m]]$$

$$[y, [a, x]] = [[y, m], x] - [m, [x, y]]$$

$$[[m, x], y] = [m, [x, y]] - [[y, m], x].$$

If the two “actions” are symmetric, i.e. $[x,m] + [m,x] = 0$ for all $m\in M$, $x\in\mathfrak{g}$ then all the 6 axioms of representation or corepresentation are equivalent. If $M$ is underlying a Leibniz algebra then an action of $\mathfrak{g}$ on $M$ is by definition symmetric, hence all the 6 equivalent conditions hold.

A map $t : \mathfrak{g}\to\mathfrak{b}$ together with an action of $\mathfrak{b}$ on $\mathfrak{g}$ is a Leibniz crossed module if

$$t([b,g])= [b,t(g)],\,\,\,t([g,b])=[t(g),b],\,\,\,\, for all\,\,\, b\in\mathfrak{b}, g' \in\mathfrak{g}$$

$$[g, t(g')] = [g, g'] = [t(g), g'],\,\,\,\, for all\,\,\, g, g' \in\mathfrak{g}$$

Abelian extensions

Abelian extension of right Leibniz algebras is a split short exact sequence of $k$-modules

$$0\to M \to \mathfrak{h}\to \mathfrak{g}\to 0$$

where the mapping $\mathfrak{h}\to\mathfrak{g}$ is a morphism of Leibniz algebras, and $M$ is equipped with induced action of $\mathfrak{g}$. The isomorphisms of extensions of $\mathfrak{g}$ by $M$ with fixed action are defined as usual. This way we obtain a set of equivalence classes $Ext(\mathfrak{g},M)$. To classify the extensions one looks for compatible Leibniz brackets on $M\oplus \mathfrak{g}$. The general form of a bracket is

$$[(m_1,x_1),(m_2,x_2)] = ([m_1, x_2] + [x_1, m_2] + f(x_1, x_2), [x_1, x_2]),$$

where $f(x_1,x_2)$ satisfy the following 2-cocycle identity:

$$[x, f(y, z)] + [f(x, z), y] - [f(x, y), z] = f([x, y], z) - f([x, z], y) - f(x, [y, z])$$

The extension is split in the category of Leibniz algebras if $f$ is a boundary i.e. there exists a $k$-module map $g:\mathfrak{g}\to M$ such that

$$f(x, y) = [x, g(y)] + [g(x), y] - g([x, y]), \,\,\,x,y,\in\mathfrak{g}$$

As for the Lie algebras, the group of abelian extensions agrees with the 2-cohomology $HL^2(\mathfrak{g},M)$.

A $k$-linear derivation of a right Leibniz algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ with values in its representation $M$ is a $k$-linear map satisfying the Leibniz property with respect to the bracket:

$$\delta([x,y]) = [\delta(x),y]+[x,\delta(y)]$$

Such derivations form a $k$-module $Der(\mathfrak{g},M)$.

Homology and cohomology

The homology and cohomology of Leibniz algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ with abelian $k$-module of coefficients, which is a corepresentation $A$ in the case of homology and a representation $M$ in the case of cohomology:

$$HL_*(\mathfrak{g},A) = Tor^{U\mathfrak{g}}_*(U(\mathfrak{g}_{Lie}),A) ,$$

$$HL^*(\mathfrak{g},M) = Ext_{U\mathfrak{g}}^*(U(\mathfrak{g}_{Lie}),A)$$

where $U(\mathfrak{g}_{Lie})$ is the universal enveloping of the maximal Lie algebra quotient $\mathfrak{g}_{Lie}$ of $\mathfrak{g}$ and $U\mathfrak{g}$ is the universal enveloping of a Leibniz algebra $\mathfrak{g}$.

Fopr $n\geq 0$, the $n$-cocycles are elements in $C^n(\mathfrak{g}, M) = Hom_k(\mathfrak{g}^{\otimes n}, M)$, satisfying the corresponding abelian cocycle condition determined by the differential

$$d^n : C^n(\mathfrak{g}, M)\to C^{n+1}(\mathfrak{g}, M)$$

$$(d^n f) (x_1, . . . , x_{n+1}) = [x_1,f(x_2,\ldots,x_{n+1})] +\sum_{n+1}^{i=2} (-1)^i [f(x_1,\ldots, \hat{x}_i, \ldots, x_{n+1}), x_i]$$

Notice a difference from the Lie algebra cocycles where instead of a tensor power we have an external power. Then $HL^*(\mathfrak{g},M) = H^*(C^*(\mathfrak{g}, M),d^*)$.

There are standard interpretations of cocycles in low dimensions. For example for $n=0$, $HL^0(\mathfrak{g}, M)$ is the submodule of invariants. For $n=1$ there is a natural projection $Der(\mathfrak{g},M)\to HL^1(\mathfrak{g},M)$ whose kernel is generated by inner derivations.

Relation to Zinbiel algebras

The Leibniz operad is quadratic Koszul algebra whose Koszul dual operad is called the operad of dual Leibniz algebras or of Zinbiel algebras, see there.

Lie’s third theorem for Leibniz algebras

In complete analogy to the equivalence between the category of Lie algebras and the category of local Lie groups (Lie's third theorem), the category of Leibniz algebras is equivalent to the category of local pointed augmented Lie racks. See Covez 10.

This equivalence restricts to the equivalence between Lie algebras and local Lie groups.

Here a local pointed augmented Lie rack is a pointed augmented rack object in the category of germs of pointed smooth manifolds. An augmented rack is a triple $(G,X,p\colon X\to G)$, where $G$ is a group, $X$ is a G-set, and $p$ is a map of sets such that $p(g\cdot x)=g p(x)g^{-1}$. An augmented rack is pointed if there is an element $1\in X$ such that $p(1)=1$ and $g\cdot 1=1$ for all $g\in G$.

If $(G,X,p)$ is an augmented rack, then $X$ can be made into a rack as follows: $x\triangleright y = p(x)\cdot y$. If $(G,X,p)$ is a pointed augmented rack, then $X$ is a pointed rack, meaning there is $1\in X$ such that $1\triangleright x=x$ and $x\triangleright 1=1$.

Examples

Basic examples

• Every Lie algebra is a Leibniz algebra that happens to have skew-symmetric product. Conversely, a Leibniz algebra with skew-symmetric product is a Lie algebra.

From Lie modules and embedding tensors

Proposition

(Leibniz algebra from Lie module with embedding tensor)

Let

• $\mathfrak{g}$ be a Lie algebra,

• $\mathfrak{g} \otimes V \overset{\rho}{\longrightarrow} V$ be a Lie algebra representation of $\mathfrak{g}$,

• $\Theta \colon V \longrightarrow \mathfrak{g}$ be an embedding tensor, hence a linear map such that the “quadratic constraint” is satisfied: for all $v_1, v_2 \in V$ we have

  (2)$$[\Theta(v_1), \Theta(v_2)] \;=\; \Theta \big( \rho_{\Theta(v_1)}(v_2) \big)$$

Then $V$ becomes a Leibniz algebra with product defined by

(3)$$v_1 \cdot v_2 \;\coloneqq\; \rho_{\Theta(v_1)}(v_2)$$

and with respect to this the quadratic constraint (2) becomes the condition that $\Theta$ is a homomorphism of Leibniz algebras.

(Lavau 17, Example 3)

Proof

We directly check the Leibniz rule (1) as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} v_1 \cdot (v_2 \cdot v_3) & = \rho_{\Theta(v_1)} \big( \rho_{\Theta(v_2)}(v_3) \big) \\ & = \rho_{ \underset{ = \rho_{\Theta(v_1)}(v_2) }{ \underbrace{ [\Theta(v_1), \Theta(v_2)] } } }(v_3) + \rho_{\Theta(v_2)} \big( \rho_{\Theta(v_1)}(v_3) \big) \\ & = (v_1 \cdot v_2) \cdot v_3 + v_2 \cdot (v_1 \cdot v_3) \end{aligned}$$

Here the first line is the definition (3), the second line is the Lie action property (here), under the brace we use the quadratic constraint (2) on the embedding tensor, and in the last line we observe again the definition (3).

From dg-Lie algebras

Proposition

(Leibniz algebra from dg-Lie algebra)

Let $((V_\bullet, \partial), [-,-])$ be a dg-Lie algebra with underlying chain complex $(V_\bullet, \partial)$ and with super Lie bracket $[-,-]$.

On the graded vector space which is the direct sum

$$\mathbf{V} \;\coloneqq\; \underset{n}{\oplus} V_n \;\in\; Vect$$

of all the component vector spaces, consider the product given by the formula

(4)$$\array{ \mathbf{V} \otimes \mathbf{V} &\longrightarrow& \mathbf{V} \\ (v,w) &\mapsto& v \cdot w \mathrlap{ \;\coloneqq\; [\partial v, w] } }$$

Then: Restricted to $V_1 \subset \mathbf{V}$ this product gives a left Leibniz algebra $(V_1, \cdot)$ (Def. ), i.e. satisfies the Leibniz condition (1).

This statement is highlighted in Lavau-Palmkvist 19, 2.1.

Proof

We directly compute as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} v_1 \cdot (v_2 \cdot v_3) & = \big[ \partial v_1 , [ \partial v_2, v_3 ] \big] \\ & = \big[ [ \partial v_1 , \partial v_2 ], v_3 \big] \;+\; (-1)^{ \overset{= 0}{ \overbrace{ (deg(v_1)-1) (deg(v_2)-2) } } } \big[ \partial v_2, [\partial v_1, v_3] \big] \\ & = \big[ \partial [ v_1 , \partial v_2 ], v_3 \big] \;+\; \big[ \partial v_2, [\partial v_1, v_3] \big] \\ & = (v_1 \cdot v_2) \cdot v_3 \;+\; v_2 \cdot (v_1 \cdot v_3) \,. \end{aligned}$$

Here the first line is the definition (4), the second line is the graded Jacobi identity, the third line uses the derivation-property and the nilpotency of the differential, and the last line invokes again the definition (4). Over the brace we used the assumption that $v_i \in V_1$.

Remark

The construction in Prop. evidently extends to a functor from the category $dgLieAlg$ of dg-Lie algebras to the category $LeibAlg$ of Leibniz algebras (both over the given ground ring/ground field):

(5)$$(-)_{1} \;\colon\; dgLieAlg \longrightarrow LeibAlg \,.$$

Notice the analogy to the evident functor that extract the Lie algebra in degree 0:

(6)$$(-)_{0} \;\colon\; dgLieAlg \longrightarrow LieAlg \,.$$

References

General

Named after G. W. Leibniz.

The idea of Leibniz algebra, though not by this name, is given already in

• A. Blokh, A generalization of the concept of Lie algebra, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 165:471–473 (1965) (mathrunet:dan31825)

The concept was revived (and apparently the name Leibniz algebra was first chosen) in

• Jean-Louis Loday, Une version non commutative des algèbres de Lie: les algèbres de Leibniz, Les rencontres physiciens-mathématiciens de Strasbourg -RCP25, Volume 44 (1993), Talk no. 5, 25 p. (numdam:RCP25_1993__44__127_0)

• Jean-Louis Loday, Teimuraz Pirashvili, Universal enveloping algebras of Leibniz algebras and (co)homology, Math. Ann. 296, 139-158 (1993) (doi:10.1007/BF01445099, pdf)

Early review is in

• Christian Cuvier, Algèbres de Leibnitz: définitions, propriétés, Annales scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure, Serie 4, Volume 27 (1994) no. 1, p. 1-45 (doi:10.24033/asens.1687)

See also

• Wikipedia, Leibniz algebra

Relaization of Leibniz algebras as Lie algebra objects in a suitable tensor category:

• Jean-Louis Loday, Teimuraz Pirashvili, The tensor category of linear maps and Leibniz algebras, Georg. Math. J. vol. 5, n.3 (1998) 263–276 (doi:10.1023/B:GEOR.0000008125.26487.f3)

Relation to Hochschild homology:

• Christian Cuvier, Homologie de Leibniz et homologie de Hochschild, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. A-B313, 569-572 (1991)

• Jerry M. Lodder, Leibniz homology, characteristic classes and K-theory, K-theory archive/0493;Leibniz cohomology and the calculus of variations_ (arXiv:math/9808036)

• Jean-Louis Loday, Algebraic K-theory and the conjectural Leibniz K-theory, K-Theory 09/2003; 30(2):105-127, pdf doi

This is partly based on earlier insights of Kinyon and Weinstein:

• Michael K. Kinyon, Leibniz algebras, Lie racks, and digroups, J. Lie Theory 17:1 (2007) 099–114, arxiv:math.GR/0403509

Relation to dg-Lie algebras and tensor hierarchies

Relation of Leibniz algebras to dg-Lie algebras such as the tensor hierarchies in gauged supergravity:

• Sylvain Lavau, Tensor hierarchies and Leibniz algebras, J. Geom. Phys. 144:147-189 (2019) (arXiv:1708.07068)

• Sylvain Lavau, Jakob Palmkvist, Infinity-enhancing of Leibniz algebras (arXiv:1907.05752)

• Sylvain Lavau, Jim Stasheff, $L_\infty$-algebra extensions of Leibniz algebras (arXiv:2003.07838)

Lie integration

A generalization of Lie integration to conjectural Leibniz groups has been conjectured by J-L. Loday. A local version via local Lie racks has been proposed in

• Simon Covez, L’intégration locale des algèbres de Leibniz, Thesis (2010) (pdf)

• Simon Covez, The local integration of Leibniz algebras, Annales de l’Institut Fourier, Volume 63 (2013) no. 1, p. 1-35 (arXiv:1011.4112, doi:10.5802/aif.2754)

• Simon Covez, On the conjectural cohomology for groups, Journal of K-theory 10:03, Dec 2012, pp 519-563 (arXiv:1202.2269, doi:10.1017/is011011011jkt195)