A Noetherian (or often, as below, noetherian) ring (or rng) is one where it is possible to do induction over its ideals, because the ordering of ideals by reverse inclusion is well-founded.
Every ring has a canonical --bimodule structure, with left action and right action defined as the multiplicative binary operation on and biaction defined as the ternary product on :
Let be the category of two-sided ideals in , whose objects are two-sided ideals in , sub---bimodules of with respect to the canonical bimodule structure on , and whose morphisms are --bimodule monomorphisms.
An ascending chain of two-sided ideals in is a direct sequence of two-sided ideals in , a sequence of two-sided ideals with the following dependent sequence of --bimodule monomorphisms: for natural number , a dependent --bimodule monomorphism .
A ring is Noetherian if it satisfies the ascending chain condition on its two-sided ideals: for every ascending chain of two-sided ideals in , there exists a natural number such that for all natural numbers , the --bimodule monomorphism is an --bimodule isomorphism.
Let be the category of left ideals in , whose objects are left ideals in , sub-left--modules of with respect to the canonical left module structure on , and whose morphisms are left -module monomorphisms.
An ascending chain of left ideals in is a direct sequence of left ideals in , a sequence of left ideals with the following dependent sequence of left -module monomorphisms: for natural number , a dependent left -module monomorphism .
A ring is left Noetherian if it satisfies the ascending chain condition on its left ideals: for every ascending chain of left ideals in , there exists a natural number such that for all natural numbers , the left -module monomorphism is an left -module isomorphism.
Let be the category of right ideals in , whose objects are right ideals in , sub-right--modules of with respect to the canonical right module structure on , and whose morphisms are right -module monomorphisms.
An ascending chain of right ideals in is a direct sequence of right ideals in , a sequence of right ideals with the following dependent sequence of right -module monomorphisms: for natural number , a dependent right -module monomorphism .
A ring is right Noetherian if it satisfies the ascending chain condition on its right ideals: for every ascending chain of right ideals in , there exists a natural number such that for all natural numbers , the right -module monomorphism is an right -module isomorphism.
Every field is a noetherian ring.
Every principal ideal domain is a noetherian ring.
For a Noetherian ring (e.g. a field by example ) then
over R in a finite number of coordinates are Noetherian.
Spectra of noetherian rings are glued together to define locally noetherian schemes.
One of the best-known properties is the Hilbert basis theorem. Let be a (unital) ring.
(Hilbert) If is left Noetherian, then so is the polynomial algebra . (Similarly if “right” is substituted for “left”.)
(We adapt the proof from Wikipedia.) Suppose is a left ideal of that is not finitely generated. Using the axiom of dependent choice, there is a sequence of polynomials such that the left ideals form a strictly increasing chain and is chosen to have degree as small as possible. Putting , we have . Let be the leading coefficient of . The left ideal of is finitely generated; say generates. Thus we may write
The polynomial belongs to , so belongs to . Also has degree or less, and therefore so does . But notice that the coefficient of in is zero, by (1). So in fact has degree less than , contradicting how was chosen.
For a unital ring the following are equivalent:
Direct sums here can be replaced by filtered colimits.
: assume that is Noetherian and are injective modules. In order to verify that is injective it is enough to show that for any ideal any morphism of left modules factors through . Since is Notherian, is finitely generated, so the image of lies in a finite sum . Thus an extension to exists by the injectivity of each .
: if is not left Noetherian then there is a sequence of left ideals . Take . The obvious map factors through , since any element lies in all but finitely many . Now take any injective with . The map cannot extend to the whole , since otherwise its image would be contained in a sum of finitely many . Therefore, is not injective.
: can be computed by taking an injective resolution of . Since direct sums of injective modules are assumed to be injective, we can take a direct sum of injective resolutions of each . It remains to note that Hom out of a finitely generated module commutes with arbitrary direct sums.
: Follows from the fact that is injective iff for any ideal .
A dual condition is artinian: an artinian ring is a ring satisfying the descending chain condition on ideals. The symmetry is severely broken if one considers unital rings: for example every unital artinian ring is noetherian; artinian rings are intuitively much smaller than generic noetherian rings.
Noetherian E-∞ ring?
Introduced by Emmy Noether in
Emmy Noether, Idealtheorie in Ringbereichen, Mathematische Annalen 83:1 (1921), 24–66. doi:10.1007/bf01464225.
K. R. Goodearl, R. B. Warfield, An introduction to noncommutative Noetherian rings, London Math. Society Student Texts 16 (1st ed,), 1989, xviii+303 pp.; or 61 (2nd ed.), 2004, xxiv+344 pp.
Last revised on September 12, 2024 at 17:51:19. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.