internalization and categorical algebra
algebra object (associative, Lie, …)
Definitions
Transfors between 2-categories
Morphisms in 2-categories
Structures in 2-categories
Limits in 2-categories
Structures on 2-categories
Sometimes in mathematics one considers objects equipped with two different types of extra structure which interact in a suitable way. For instance, a ring is a set equipped with both (1) the structure of an (additive) abelian group and (2) the structure of a (multiplicative) monoid, which satisfy the distributive laws and .
Abstractly, there are two monads on the category Set, one (call it ) whose algebras are abelian groups, and one (call it ) whose algebras are monoids, and so we might ask “can we construct, from these two monads, a third monad whose algebras are rings?” Such a monad would assign to each set the free ring on that set, which consists of formal sums of formal products of elements of —in other words, it can be identified with . Thus the question becomes “given two monads and , what further structure is required to make the composite into a monad?”
It is easy to give a unit, as the composite , but to give it a multiplication we need a transformation from to . We naturally want to use the multiplications and , but in order to do this we first need to switch the order of and . However, if we have a transformation , then we can define to be the composite .
Such a transformation , satisfying suitable axioms to make into a monad, is called a distributive law, because of the motivating example relating addition to multiplication in a ring. In that case, is a formal product of formal sums such as , and the distributive law is given by multiplying out such an expression formally, resulting in a formal sum of formal products such as .
Given two monads on a category , a distributive law gives a way of lifting the monad on to a monad on the category of -algebras, namely the Eilenberg-Moore category . In the example above, the distributive law gives a way to lift the monad for monoids (which is a monad on ) to the monad for rings (which is a monad on ). This is a way of making rigorous the intuition that “rings are to abelian groups as monoids are to sets”.
(terminology – what distributes over what)
The eponymous example of distributivity in arithmetic
hence
(where, of course, the equality as such works in both directions, but the distribution of factors over summands is the step from left to right) suggests that a suitable transformation of (co)monads of the form
should be referred to as distributing over instead of the other way around.
However, already the original reference Beck 1969 §1 uses the opposite terminology.
Authors sticking to this original but arguably reverse terminological convention include Brookes & Van Stone 1993, while other authors tacitly switch to the other terminological convention (eg. Barr & Wells 1985 §9 2.1, Power & Watanabe 2002 p. 138).
Monads in any 2-category make themselves a 2-category in which 1-morphisms are either lax or colax homomorphisms of monads (cf. monad transformations). By formal duality the analogue is true for comonads.
Distributivity laws may be understood as monads internal to this 2-category of monads.
In particular, distributive laws themselves make a 2-category.
There are other variants like distributive laws between a monad and an endofunctor, mixed distributive laws between a monad and a comonad (the variants for algebras and coalgebras called entwining structures), distributive laws between actions of two different monoidal categories on the same category, for PROPs and so on.
Having a distributive law from one monad to another enables to define the composite monad . This correspondence extends to a 2-functor . An analogue of this 2-functor in the mixed setup is a 2-functor from the bicategory of entwinings to a bicategory of corings.
A distributive law for a monad in over an endofunctor is a 2-morphism such that and . In diagrams:
Distributive laws for the monad over the endofunctor are in a canonical bijection with lifts of to an endofunctor in the Eilenberg-Moore category , satisfying . Indeed, the endofunctor is given by .
A distributive law for a monad over a monad in is a distributive law for over the endofunctor , compatible with in the sense that and . In diagrams:
The correspondence between distributive laws and endofunctor liftings extends to a correspondence between distributive laws and monad liftings. That is, distributive laws from the monad to the monad are in a canonical bijection with lifts of the monad to a monad in the Eilenberg-Moore category , such that preserves the monad structure.
Thus all together a distributive law for a monad over a monad is a 2-cell for which 2 triangles and 2 pentagons commute. In the entwining case, Brzeziński and Majid combined the 4 diagrams into one picture which they call the bow-tie diagram.
(distributivity as monads in monads)
As mentioned earlier, one can understand a distributivity law of a monad over another monad as displaying as a monad on in the 2-category of monads in a 2-category .
Specifically, a monad in over (which is a monad in !) is comprised of the following data:
A 1-morphism in , together with an intertwiner satisfying the equations here
Two 2-morphisms (in ) and which correspond to two 2-morpisms in , commuting with the intertwiners of , and .
Then is the distributive law sought, and the laws , and satisfy correspond to those of a distributive law.
(…)
The distributivity law of
a comonad over
a monad
on the same category
is as follows (Brookes & Van Stone 1993 Def. 3, Power & Watanabe 2002):
such that the following diagrams commute for all objects :
Given this distributivity structure, there is a two-sided (“double”) Kleisli category (Brookes & Van Stone 1993 Thm. 2, Power & Watanabe 2002, Prop. 7.4) whose objects are those of , and whose morphisms are morphisms in of the form
with two-sided Kelisli composition
given by the (co-)bind-operation on the factors connected by the distributivity transformation:
In a distributive category products distribute over coproducts.
For many standard choices of tensor products in the presence of direct sums the former distribute over the latter. See at tensor product of abelian groups and tensor product of modules.
strict factorization systems can be identified with distributive laws between categories regarded as monads in Span(Set).
More generally, factorization systems over a subcategory can be identified with distributive laws in Prof. Ordinary orthogonal factorization systems are a special case. The latter can also be obtained by other weakenings; see for instance this discussion.
Jon Beck, Distributive Laws, in: Seminar on Triples and Categorical Homology Theory, ETH 1966/67, Lecture Notes in Mathemativs, Springer (1969), Reprints in Theory and Applications of Categories 18 (2008) 1-303 [TAC:18, pdf]
Donovan van Osdol, Bicohomology Theory, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 183 (1973) 449-476 [jstor:1996479]
Ross Street, §6 of: The formal theory of monads, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 2 2 (1972) 149-168 [doi:10.1016/0022-4049(72)90019-9]
Michael Barr, Charles Wells, Toposes, Triples, and Theories, Springer (1985) republished in: Reprints in Theory and Applications of Categories, 12 (2005) 1-287 [tac:tr12, tac:tr12]
Stephen Brookes, Kathryn Van Stone, Monads and Comonads in Intensional Semantics (1993) [dtic:ADA266522, pdf, pdf]
Martin Markl, Distributive laws and Koszulness, Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble) 46 (1996), no. 2, 307–323 (numdam)
T. F. Fox, Martin Markl, Distributive laws, bialgebras, and cohomology, Operads: Proceedings of Renaissance Conferences (Hartford, CT/Luminy, 1995), Contemp. Math. 202 AMS (1997) 167-205
T. Brzeziński, S. Majid, Coalgebra bundles, Comm. Math. Phys. 191 2 (1998) 467–492 [arXiv:q-alg/9602022]
For a study of distributive laws between monads and (pointed) endofunctors, see:
For a thorough study of mixed distributive laws, see:
John Power, Hiroshi Watanabe, Distributivity for a monad and a comonad, Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 19 (1999) 102 [doi:10.1016/S1571-0661(05)80271-3, pdf]
Steve Lack, Composing PROPS, Theory Appl. Categ. 13 (2004), No. 9, 147–163.
Steve Lack, Ross Street, The formal theory of monads II, Special volume celebrating the 70th birthday of Professor Max Kelly, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 175 1-3 (2002) 243-265
John Power, Hiroshi Watanabe, Combining a monad and a comonad, Theoretical Computer Science 280 1–2 (2002) 137-162 [doi:10.1016/S0304-3975(01)00024-X]
T. Brzeziński, Robert Wisbauer, Corings and comodules, London Math. Soc. Lec. Note Series 309, Cambridge (2003)
Gabi Böhm, Internal bialgebroids, entwining structures and corings, AMS Contemp. Math. 376 (2005) 207-226 [arXiv:math.QA/0311244]
Ernie Manes, Philip Mulry: Monad compositions I: general constructions and recursive distributive laws, Theory and Applications of Categories 18 7 (2007) 172-208 [tac:18-07, pdf]
Zoran Škoda, Distributive laws for monoidal categories (arXiv:0406310); Equivariant monads and equivariant lifts versus a 2-category of distributive laws (arXiv:0707.1609); Bicategory of entwinings (arXiv:0805.4611)
R. Wisbauer, Algebras versus coalgebras, Appl. Categ. Structures 16 1-2 (2008) 255–295 [doi:10.1007/s10485-007-9076-5]
Zoran Škoda, Some equivariant constructions in noncommutative geometry, Georgian Math. J. 16 (2009) 1; 183–202 (arXiv:0811.4770)
Bachuki Mesablishvili, Robert Wisbauer, Bimonads and Hopf monads on categories, Journal of K-Theory 7 2 (2011) 349-388 [arXiv:0710.1163, doi:10.1017/is010001014jkt105]
Francisco Marmolejo, Adrian Vazquez-Marquez, No-iteration mixed distributive laws, Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 27 1 (2017) 1-16 [doi:10.1017/S0960129514000656]
Liang Ze Wong, Distributive laws, post at -cafe, Feb 2017
Enrique Ruiz Hernández, Another characterization of no-iteration distributive laws, arxiv
Werner Struckmann and Dietmar Wätjen, A note on the number of distributive laws, Algebra universalis 21 (1985): 305-306.
On distributive laws for relative monads:
Invertible distributive laws are considered in Lemma 4.12 of:
Bob Rosebrugh, Richard J. Wood, Distributive Adjoint Strings, Theory and Applications of Categories, 1 6 (1995) 119-145 [tac:1-06]
Stefano Kasangian, Stephen Lack, and Enrico Vitale. Coalgebras, braidings, and distributive laws, Theory and Applications of Categories 13.8 (2004): 129-146. (html)
Alain Bruguieres and Alexis Virelizier, Quantum double of Hopf monads and categorical centers, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 364.3 (2012): 1225-1279.
Last revised on September 21, 2024 at 12:44:26. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.