# Contents

## Definition

An inverse semigroup is a semigroup $S$ (a set with an associative binary operation) such that for every element $s\in S$, there exists a unique “inverse” $s^*\in S$ such that $s s^* s = s$ and $s^* s s^* = s^*$. It is evident from this that $s^{\ast\ast} = s$.

## Examples

Needless to say, a group is an inverse semigroup. More to the point however:

• The fundamental example is the following: for any set $X$, let $I(X)$ be the set of all partial bijections on $X$, i.e. bijections between subsets of $X$. The composite of partial bijections is their composite as relations (or as partial functions).

This inverse semigroup plays a role in the theory similar to that of permutation groups in the theory of groups. It is also paradigmatic of the general philosophy that

Groups describe global symmetries, while inverse semigroups describe local symmetries.

Other examples include:

• If $X$ is a topological space, let $\Gamma(X)\subseteq I(X)$ consist of the homeomorphisms between open subsets of $X$. Then $\Gamma(X)$ is a pseudogroup of transformations on $X$ (a general pseudogroup of transformations is a sub-inverse-semigroup of $\Gamma(X)$).

• If $L$ is a meet-semilattice, then $L$ is an inverse semigroup under the meet operation.

## Properties

Lots to say here: the meet-semilattice of idempotents, the connection with ordered groupoid?s, various representation theorems.

### Idempotents form a subsemigroup

###### Proposition

For any $x$ in an inverse semigroup, $x x^\ast$ and $x^\ast x$ are idempotent. If $e$ is idempotent, then $e^\ast = e$.

The proof is trivial.

###### Lemma

In an inverse semigroup, the product of any two idempotents $e, f$ is idempotent, and any two idempotents commute.

###### Proof

One easily checks that $(e f)^\ast = f(e f)^\ast e$, and that $f(e f)^\ast e$ is an idempotent. So $(e f)^\ast$ is idempotent; as a result, $(e f)^\ast = e f$. Thus $e f$ and similarly $f e$ are idempotent. Next we have

$e f (f e) e f = e f^2 e^2 f = e f e f = e f, \qquad f e (e f) f e = f e^2 f^2 e = f e f e = f e$

since $e, f, e f, f e$ are all idempotent, and so $f e = (e f)^\ast = e f$, which completes the proof.

Thus the idempotents in an inverse semigroup form a subsemigroup which is commutative and idempotent. Such a structure is the same as a meet-semilattice except for the fact that there might not have an empty meet or top element; that is, we define an order $\leq$ on idempotents by $e \leq f$ if and only if $e = e f$, whence multiplication of idempotents becomes the binary meet.

### $\ast$ is an anti-involution

###### Lemma

For any two elements $x, y$ in an inverse semigroup, $(x y)^\ast = y^\ast x^\ast$.

###### Proof

Since the idempotents $x^\ast x, y y^\ast$ commute, we have

$x y (y^\ast x^\ast) x y = x (y y^\ast)(x^\ast x) y = x x^\ast x y y^\ast y = x y$

and similarly $y^\ast x^\ast (x y)y^\ast x^\ast = y^\ast y y^\ast x^\ast x x^\ast = y^\ast x^\ast$, which is all we need.

### Order structure

###### Proposition

For elements $x, y$ in an inverse semigroup, the following are equivalent:

1. There exists an idempotent $e$ such that $x = e y$,
2. $x = x x^\ast y$,
3. There exists an idempotent $f$ such that $x = y f$,
4. $x = y x^\ast x$.
###### Proof

We show $3. \Rightarrow 2.$; a similar proof shows $1. \Rightarrow 4.$ Clearly then we have $3. \Rightarrow 2. \Rightarrow 1. \Rightarrow 4. \Rightarrow 3.$

Given an idempotent $f$ such that $x = y f$, we have

$\array{ x & = & y f & \\ & = & y y^\ast y f & \\ & = & y f y^\ast y & since \; idempotents \; commute \\ & = & y f f y^\ast y & \\ & = & y f f^\ast y^\ast y & \text{Proposition 1} \\ & = & y f (y f)^\ast y & \text{Lemma 2} \\ & = & x x^\ast y & }$

which gives $3. \Rightarrow 2.$

A preorder $\leq$ is defined on an inverse semigroup by saying $x \leq y$ if any of the four conditions of Proposition 2 is satisfied; transitivity follows by equivalence to 1. and closure of idempotents under multiplication. When restricted to idempotents, this preorder coincides with the meet-semilattice order.

###### Proposition

If $a \leq b$ and $x \leq y$ in an inverse semigroup, then $a x \leq b y$ and $x^\ast \leq y^\ast$.

###### Proof

Writing $a = e b$ for some idempotent $e$, we have $a x = e (b x)$ and so $a x \leq b x$. Similarly $b x \leq b y$, so $a x \leq b y$ by transitivity. This gives $a x \leq b y$. If $x = e y$ for an idempotent $e$, then $x^\ast = (e y)^\ast = y^\ast e^\ast = y^\ast e$; this gives $x^\ast \leq y^\ast$,

###### Corollary

The preorder $\leq$ on an inverse semigroup is a partial order, i.e., if $x \leq y$ and $y \leq x$, then $x = y$.

###### Proof

From $x \leq y$ we derive $x^\ast \leq y^\ast$ and $x x^\ast \leq y y^\ast$, and similarly from $y \leq x$ we derive $y y^\ast \leq x x^\ast$. Thus $x x^\ast = y y^\ast$ since the preorder on idempotents is a meet-semilattice, which is a partial order. Then from $x \leq y$ we derive $x = x x^\ast y = y y^\ast y = y$.

Thus an inverse semigroup is naturally regarded as an internal semigroup in the category of posets (equivalently, a finite-product preserving functor from the Lawvere theory of semigroups to Pos).

### Connection with ordered groupoids

In this section, an ordered groupoid means an internal groupoid in the finitely complete category of posets Pos. For any finitely complete category $C$, we observe that the forgetful functor $Gpd(C) \to SemiCat(C)$, taking an internal groupoid in $C$ to the underlying semicategory (remembering only composition of morphisms, forgetting presence of inverses and identity morphisms), has a right adjoint which takes a semicategory to the core groupoid of the category of idempotents attached to a semicategory (see here for details). (This observation is formulated in finite limit logic, and thus by a Yoneda lemma argument, its validity reduces to that of the observation in the special case $C = Set$.)

In particular, this construction may be applied to an inverse semigroup seen as a semigroup in $Pos$:

###### Definition

The groupoid $Ind(S)$ attached to an inverse semigroup $S$ is the core of the category of idempotents $Idem(S)$ of $S$, which as a semigroup in $Pos$ is viewed as a one-object semicategory $B S$ in $Pos$.

In more detail: an arrow $e \to e'$ in $Idem(S)$ is a triple $(e, x, e')$ of elements in $S$, where $e, e'$ are idempotent elements and $x$ is an element such that $x e = x = e' x$. Such an arrow is invertible precisely when $e = x^\ast x$ and $e' = x x^\ast$, with inverse $x^\ast$. Thus the core consists of such arrows $x: x^\ast x \to x x^\ast$.

A key example to keep in mind is the inverse semigroup of partial bijections $\phi$ on a set, where the arrows of the corresponding groupoid are actual invertible maps $\dom(\phi) \to range(\phi)$ between subsets. In general, the object part of the associated groupoid is not just a poset, but a poset with binary meets.

The reason for the notation $Ind(S)$ is that this ordered groupoid is a so-called inductive groupoid, defined as follows:

###### Definition

An inductive groupoid is an internal groupoid $G$ in $Pos$ with the following additional properties:

• The object part $G_0$ admits binary meets;

• Given $x: e \to f$ in $G_1$ and $e' \leq e$ in $G_0$, there exists a unique $x': e' \to f$ in $G_1$ with $x' \leq x$, called the restriction $[x|_\ast e']$.

• Given $x: e \to f$ in $G_1$ and $f \geq f'$ in $G_0$, there exists a unique $x': e \to f'$ in $G_1$ with $x \geq x'$, called the corestriction $[f' _\ast| x]$.

In fact conditions 2. and 3. in this definition are equivalent. A morphism of inductive groupoids $G \to G'$ is an internal functor from $G$ to $G'$ in $Pos$.

For $G$ an inductive groupoid, a tensor product $\otimes: G_1 \times G_1 \to G_1$ may be defined by the rule

$x \otimes y = [x|_\ast dom(x) \wedge cod(y)] \cdot [dom(x) \wedge cod(y) _\ast|y]$

where $\cdot$ indicates composition in $G$. It may be shown that $(G_1, \otimes)$ is an inverse semigroup $Inv(G)$, and the two notions are equivalent:

###### Theorem

(Ehresmann-Schein-Nampooripad) There are canonical isomorphisms $S \to Inv(Ind(S))$ and $G \to Ind(Inv(G))$, providing an equivalent of categories $InvSemiGrp \simeq IndGpd$.

### Warning on the definition

With only a subtle change in definition, the result is that one gets only groups:

###### Proposition

Let $S$ be an inhabited semigroup with the property that for every $a \in S$ there exists a unique $x \in S$ such that $a x a = a$. Then $S$ is a group.

###### Proof

Since $S$ is inhabited, say by an element $b$, it has an idempotent $e$, for example $b b^\ast$. We will show that $x e = x$ for any $x$; by a similar argument $e x = x$, so that any idempotent $e$ is an identity (the identity $1$), whence the idempotents $a a^\ast$ and $a^\ast a$ equal $1$ for any $a$ and $S$ is a group.

If $a y a = a$ for unique $y$, then from $(a y a) y a = a y a = a$ it follows $y a y = y$ and hence $S$ is an inverse semigroup. The same observation means it is enough to show $(x e) x^\ast (x e) = x e$, since then also $x^\ast (x e) x^\ast = x^\ast$, which by uniqueness implies $x e = x$.

The above results on inverse semigroups apply and we derive

$\array{ x e x^\ast x e & = & x e e x^\ast x e & \\ & = & x e e^\ast x^\ast x e & Proposition \; 1 \\ & = & x e (x e)^\ast x e & Lemma 2 \\ & = & x e }$

as was to be shown.

## References

• Mark V. Lawson, tutorial lectures on semigroups in Ottawa, notes available here.

• Mark V. Lawson, Constructing ordered groupoids, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques, 46 no. 2 (2005), p. 123–138, URL stable

• Mark V. Lawson, Inverse semigroups: the theory of partial symmetries, World Scientific, 1998.

• Mark V. Lawson, G. Kurdyavtseva, The classifying space of an inverse semigroup, Period. Math. Hungar., to appear, as preprint: ArXiv 1210.4421

• Alan L. T. Paterson, Groupoids, inverse semigroups, and their operator algebras, Progress in Mathematics 170, Birkhäuser 1999, MR 1724106

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• Alcides Buss, Ruy Exel, Fell bundles over inverse semigroups and twisted étale groupoids, J. Oper. Theory 67, No. 1, 153-205 (2012) MR2821242 Zbl 1249.46053 arxiv/0903.3388journal; Twisted actions and regular Fell bundles over inverse semigroups, arxiv/1003.0613

• Pedro Resende, Lectures on étale groupoids, inverse semigroups and quantales, Lecture Notes for the GAMAP IP Meeting, Antwerp, 4-18 Sep 2006, 115 pp. pdf; Étale groupoids and their quantales, Adv. Math. 208 (2007) 147-209; also published electronically: doi math/0412478; A note on infinitely distributive inverse semigroups, Semigroup Forum 73 (2006) 156-158; doi math/0506454

• B. Steinberg, Strong Morita equivalence of inverse semigroups, Houston J. Math. 37 (2011) 895-927

• Darien DeWolf and Dorette Pronk, The Ehresmann-Schein-Nampooripad Theorem for Inverse Categories, arXiv pdf link.

Revised on November 30, 2015 18:14:13 by Todd Trimble (67.81.95.215)