nLab 2-category equipped with proarrows

Idea

A 2-category equipped with proarrows, also called a proarrow equipment or simply an equipment, is a 2-category equipped with a notion of “proarrows” which enable one to reproduce more category theory inside it (cf. formal category theory) than is possible in a general 2-category. The ur-example is Cat equipped with profunctors.

See also at framed bicategory.

Motivation

Just as ordinary category theory provides a framework in which one can do “formal mathematics,” one of the (many) purposes of higher category theory is to provide a framework in which one can do formal category theory. In particular, many concepts in ordinary category theory can be interpreted internally in a 2-category, in a way which specializes to the original concept in Cat. Examples of such concepts include adjunctions, monads, Grothendieck fibrations, Kan extensions, and fully faithful morphisms.

However, these internalizations are not always “correct” in every 2-category. For instance, in the 2-category $V Cat$ of categories enriched in a monoidal category $V$, internal adjunctions and monads give the correct notion of a $V$-adjunction and a $V$-monad, but internal fully-faithfulness for a $V$-functor is weaker than the “correct” notion of $V$-fully-faithfulness. More technically, in many cases the naive notion of a Kan extension is not sufficient and one needs “pointwise” Kan extensions; with some more work, these can also be defined in a 2-category, but the resulting notion (though correct in $Cat$) is not always correct in $V Cat$.

Furthermore, some concepts of category theory are difficult to interpret at all in a 2-category. The notion of a limit in ordinary category theory can be interpreted in a 2-category by identifying the limit of a functor $D\to C$ as its Kan extension along the unique functor $D\to *$. However, in enriched category theory, the more important notion is that of a weighted limit, and there is no straightforward way to interpret this in $V Cat$.

What is missing is that the 2-category $V Cat$ doesn’t natively supply any information about the $V$-valued hom-functors in a 2-category. (In $Cat$ these hom-functors can be recovered by looking at comma categories, which can be interpreted internally as comma objects—in some sense this is what all the above internalizations are secretly doing.) Thus, all of these problems can be remedied by equipping a 2-category with extra structure which describes these hom-functors, or more generally describes a notion of a profunctor.

There are several not-quite-equivalent ways to describe this extra structure. One due to Street and Walters, called a Yoneda structure, involves assigning to each object $A$ a “presheaf object” $P A$ and a “Yoneda arrow” $A\to P A$; a profunctor $A\to B$ is then identified with an arrow $B \to P A$. The notion of a proarrow equipment, due to Wood, instead postulates an additional bicategory of “proarrows” and specifies their relationship to the ordinary arrows. One can then define fully faithful morphisms, pointwise Kan extensions, weighted limits, etc. relative to this structure, in a way which specializes to the correct notions in $V Cat$.

Definitions

We give several equivalent definitions of proarrow equipments:

1. as 2-functors which are bijective on objects, locally fully faithful, and map every 1-morphism to one having a right adjoint,

2. as double categories in which

   1. every vertical arrow has a companion and a conjoint,

   2. every niche has a cartesian filler,

3. as categories internal to $Cat$.

Here, the first definition is perhaps the simplest or most immediate.

But for some purposes the second definition is preferable: For instance, the definition of the 3-category of “2-categories equipped with proarrows” is much more naturally defined by viewing them as double categories (cf. Verity 2011 and Shulman 2008). The perspective of double categories also generalizes better to situations in which not all proarrows have composites; see on virtual equipments below.

As 2-functors

Definition

Let $K$ be a 2-category. The following structure is said to equip $K$ with proarrows.

• A 2-category $M$, whose 1-morphisms are called proarrows.

• A 2-functor $K\to M$ which is bijective on objects and locally fully faithful. If $f\colon A\to B$ is a 1-morphism in $K$, we write its image in $M$ as $B(1,f)\colon A\nrightarrow B$.

• For each 1-morphism $f\colon A\to B$ in $K$, the proarrow $B(1,f)\colon A\to B$ has a right adjoint in $M$, which we write as $B(f,1)$.

As usual on the nLab, here by 2-categories we mean weak 2-categories (akabicategories) and by2-functors* we mean weak 2-functors (aka pseudofunctors). However, in many or most examples, $K$ is in fact a strict 2-category.

For a proarrow $H\colon B\to D$ and ordinary arrows $f\colon A\to B$ and $g\colon C\to D$, we write $H(g,f)$ for the composite

$$A \xrightarrow{B(1, f)} B \xrightarrow{H} D \xrightarrow{D(g, 1)} C \mathrlap{\,.}$$

We also write $U_A$, $A(1,1)$, or simply $A$ for the identity proarrow $A\nrightarrow A$.

Remark

In the case where proarrows are profunctors, $H(g, f)$ is not the action on a set of heteromorphisms by pre- and post- composing with morphisms; instead it is the functor $f$, followed by the profunctor $H$, followed by taking the preimage under the functor $g$, resulting in a profunctor from $A$ to $C$.

Remark

(terminology)

We refer to the entire structure defined above as a 2-category equipped with proarrows or a 2-category proarrow equipment. Those working in the field often use the term proarrow equipment or simply equipment for the entire structure. We prefer “2-category equipped with proarrows” (or, equivalently, “pro-morphisms”) for the following reasons:

• It conveys that we are talking about extra stuff added to a 2-category. (Actually, it is “eka-stuff” or “2-stuff” in the sense of stuff, structure, property.)
• It includes the word “proarrow” which tells people what the extra stuff consists of, namely a generalization of profunctors.
• It includes the word “equipment” which signals what is meant to readers who are familiar with that term.

We do sometimes avail ourselves of the shorter terminology “proarrow equipment,” however, once we are clear what is under discussion.

Example

For $V$ is a Bénabou cosmos, the 2-category $K= V Cat$ of $V$-enriched categories is equipped with proarrows by the 2-category $M=V Mod$ of $V$-enriched profunctors, where $B(1,f)$ and $B(f,1)$ are the two ways of regarding a $V$-functor $f \colon A\to B$ as a profunctor, namely $B(-,f-)$ and $B(f-,-)$ (hence the notation in the general case). Composition of $V$-profunctors is by tensor product, i.e. by coends (note that we require $V$ to be cocomplete with colimits preserved by $\otimes$ on both sides in order to form such associative tensor products). In $V Cat$, $H(g,f)$ is the result of precomposing the profunctor $H:D^{op}\otimes B \to V$ with $g^{op}\otimes f$.

Example

The other most common sorts of generalized category, such as internal categories in some category with pullbacks, and fibered categories over some base, are also naturally equipped with proarrows. For internal categories in $S$, we require $S$ to have finite limits and coequalizers preserved by pullback in order for the bicategory of internal profunctors to have associative compositions. (See on virtual equipments below, for a context which avoids some of these restrictions on $V$ and $S$.)

As double categories

We discuss now how a 2-category with proarrow equipment is equivalently a double category with extra structure.

Definition

Given a 2-category $K$ equipped with proarrows according to Def. , we can construct a double category having the same objects as $K$, whose vertical 1-cells are the arrows, whose horizontal 1-cells are the proarrows, and whose squares are the 2-cells $H \to J(g,f)$.

Remark

Dually, the 2-cells can be also represented as string diagrams (Myers 2016).

Remark

If $K$ is a strict 2-category, then this is a pseudo double category (vertically strict and horizontally weak) while if $K$ and $M$ are both weak 2-categories, this double category is weak in both directions (like a double bicategory).

Example

In $V Cat$, the squares of the above form (Def. ) are transformations $H(b,a) \to J(g b,f a)$ natural in $a$ and $b$.
Arguably, this double category is a more fundamental and natural object than the 2-functor $V Cat \to V Prof$.

Via companions and conjoints

More generally, if $K$ is any 2-category equipped with proarrows, we can reconstruct $K$ and its proarrow equipment from the double category of Def. , and we can characterize the double categories that arise in this way.

One way to state this characterization is that they are those in which every vertical 1-cell $f\colon A\to B$ has both a companion (namely $B(1,f)$) and a conjoint (namely $B(f,1)$).

This can be illustrated using string diagrams, as follows. The companion and conjoint of $f$ are the horizontal arrows

equipped with 2-cells

whose compositions satisfy the following laws: $\eta_p \epsilon_p = id_f$, $\epsilon_p \odot \eta_p = id_{B(1, f)}$, and $\eta_j \epsilon_j = id_f$, $\eta_j \odot \epsilon_j = id_{B(f, 1)}$

One can then recover $K$ and $M$ as the vertical and horizontal 2-categories, respectively, and the 2-functor $K\to M$ as the functor taking every vertical arrow to its companion. Whenever a vertical arrow has both a companion $B(1,f)$ and a conjoint $B(f,1)$, we automatically have an adjunction $B(1,f)\dashv B(f,1)$, so this defines a proarrow equipment in the first sense.

Via cartesian niche fillers

Another, perhaps even more natural, way to characterize these double categories (Def. ) is as those with the following property: given any “niche” there exists a “universal” or “cartesian” filler square namely with the property that any other square factors through the universal one uniquely:

The profunctor $J(g,f)$ will, of course, turn out to be the same one we gave that name to earlier. The proarrows $B(1,f)=U_B(id_B,f)$ and $B(f,1) = U_B(f,id_B)$ are then a special case of this construction.

We show that they are a companion and conjoint of $f$, respectively, as follows.

By factoring the identity square through the universal fillers

that define $B(1,f)$ and $B(f,1)$, we obtain additional squares

such that the vertical composites

are both equal to $U_f$.

Using the uniqueness of factorization through the universal squares, we can conclude moreover that the horizontal composites

are equal to the identity squares of $B(1,f)$ and $B(f,1)$ respectively. Together these are the defining equations of a companion and a conjoint.

The unit and counit of the adjunction $B(1, f) \dashv B(f, 1)$ are given by the horizontal composites:

The Central Lemma

Finally, we record the following central lemma.

Lemma

There is a natural bijection between squares of the form

≅

Remark

Illustrated in terms of string diagrams, the Central Lemma is also called the Spider Lemma (Myers 2016 Lemma 1.2.3):

Remark

One way to think of this Lemma is as saying that vertical arrows can be “slid around corners” to become horizontal arrows, turning them into the “representable proarrows” $B(1,f)$ or $B(f,1)$ (depending on whether you slid them “backwards” or “forwards” to get around the corner). The bijection is just given by composing with the four special squares in the definition of companions and conjoints. In particular, by a Yoneda argument, for any $f\colon A\to C$, $g\colon B\to D$, and $J\colon C\nrightarrow D$ we have

(1)$$J(g,f) \cong C(1,f) \odot J \odot D(g,1) \mathrlap{\,,}$$

which was what we took as the the definition of $J(g,f)$ with the original Def. of proarrow equipment. Thus, the companions and conjoints determine the rest of the cartesian squares. Note that this is an equipment-version of Yoneda reduction

We also write $U_A$, $A(1,1)$, or simply $A$ for the identity proarrow $A\nrightarrow A$.

Remark

In the case where proarrows are profunctors, $H(g, f)$ is not the action on a set of heteromorphisms by pre- and post- composing with morphisms; instead it is the functor $f$, followed by the profunctor $H$, followed by taking the preimage under the functor $g$, resulting in a profunctor from $A$ to $C$.

Remark

(terminology) We refer to the entire structure defined above as a 2-category equipped with proarrows or a 2-category proarrow equipment. Those working in the field often use the term proarrow equipment or simply equipment for the entire structure. We prefer “2-category equipped with proarrows” (or, equivalently, “pro-morphisms”) for the following reasons:

• It conveys that we are talking about extra stuff added to a 2-category. (Actually, it is “eka-stuff” or “2-stuff” in the sense of stuff, structure, property.)
• It includes the word “proarrow” which tells people what the extra stuff consists of, namely a generalization of profunctors.
• It includes the word “equipment” which signals what is meant to readers who are familiar with that term.

We do sometimes avail ourselves of the shorter terminology “proarrow equipment,” however, once we are clear what is under discussion.

As categories internal to $Cat$

We discuss how 2-categories with proarrow equipment are equivalently internal categories in the (2,1)-category Cat, in the sense of the theory of internal (∞,1)-categories.

(…)

For the time being see at Segal space – Examples – In 1Grpd.

Category theory in proarrow equipments

We now give a few examples of how to do formal category theory internal to proarrow equipments.

Homset definition of adjunctions

We start with this: two (vertical) arrows $f\colon A\to B$ and $g\colon B\to A$ are adjoint (in $\mathcal{V}(\underline{X})$) if and only if we have an isomorphism $B(f,1)\cong A(1,g)$. Why? Well, an adjunction $f\dashv g$ comes with a unit and a counit, which (expressed in $\underline{X}$) are of the form

Applying the bijection of the Central Lemma (), we see that $\eta$ corresponds to a map $B(f,1) \to A(1,g)$

and likewise $\varepsilon$ corresponds to a map $A(1,g)\to B(f,1)$

The triangle identities for $\eta$ and $\varepsilon$ are then equivalent to saying that these two maps are inverse isomorphisms. So we’ve recovered the classical equivalence between the “diagrammatic” and isomorphism-of-hom-sets definitions of adjunctions, in a purely formal way.

Fully faithful arrows

An arrow $f:A\to B$ in a 2-category equipped with proarrows is said to be fully faithful if the canonical morphism $U_A\to B(f,f)$ is an isomorphism of proarrows $A\to A$. In $V Cat$ this recaptures the correct notion of $V$-fully-faithful $V$-functor.

It is not hard to see, using the fact that $K\to M$ is locally fully faithful, that any fully-faithful arrow $f\colon A\to B$ is, in fact, internally fully-faithful in $K$ in the sense that $K(X,A)\to K(X,B)$ is fully faithful for all $X\in K$. However, the converse fails in general. But it is not hard to show that the two are equivalent if $f\colon A\to B$ has a left or right adjoint, using the above characterization of adjunctions.

Limits

The notion of limit we end up in a 2-category equipped with proarrows with is actually more general than what you’re probably used to, but this extra generality turns out to be useful. Let $d\colon D\to C$ be an arrow and let $J\colon D\nrightarrow A$ be a proarrow; we’re going to define what it means for an arrow $\ell\colon A\to C$ to be the $J$-weighted limit of $d$. In the proarrow-equipped 2-category $V Cat$ of $V$-enriched categories, if $A$ is the unit $V$-category $I$, then this will recover the usual notion of weighted limit. Of course, in a general proarrow equipment we may not have a “unit object,” so that extra generality is unavoidable; it’s like using generalized elements in ordinary category theory.

To make things easier, let’s assume that our proarrow equipment is closed, in the sense that composition of proarrows has adjoints in each variable

$$\mathcal{H}(\underline{X})(H\odot K,L) \cong \mathcal{H}(\underline{X})(H,K\rhd L) \cong \mathcal{H}(\underline{X})(K,L\lhd H).$$

The Central Lemma implies that analogously to (1), we have

(2)$$K(g,f) \cong D(1,g)\rhd K \lhd C(f,1).$$

In $V\text{-}Prof$, the adjoints are given by the ends

$$(K\rhd L)(b,a) = \int_{c\in C} [K(c,b), L(c,a)]$$

and

$$(L \lhd H)(c,b) = \int_{a\in A} [H(b,a), L(c,a)].$$

Therefore, (2) is an abstract form of the Yoneda lemma, just as (1) is an abstract form of Yoneda reduction.

Now recall that for $V$-categories $D$ and $C$, an object $\ell\in C$ is a $J$-weighted limit of $d\colon D\to C$ if we have a natural isomorphism

$$\begin{aligned} C(c,\ell) &\cong [D,V](J, C(c,d(-)))\\ &= \int_{x\in D} [J(x), C(c,d(x))]. \end{aligned}$$

Thus it makes sense to define, in a closed proarrow equipment, an arrow $\ell\colon A\to C$ to be the $J$-weighted limit of $d$ if we have an isomorphism

$$C(1,\ell) \cong C(1,d) \lhd J.$$

(If our proarrow equipment is not closed, we simply assert that $C(1,\ell)$ has the universal property that $C(1,d) \lhd J$ would have if it existed. In other terminology, we assert that $C(1,\ell)$ is a right lifting of $C(1,d)$ along $J$ in the 2-category of proarrows.) In particular, when $A$ is the unit $V$-category, this recovers the classical notion. But even in $V Cat$ there are interesting examples for other values of $A$. If we take $J = D(j,1)$ for some functor $j\colon A\to D$, then (1) and (2) imply that

$$\begin{aligned} C(1,d) \lhd J &= C(1,d) \lhd D(j,1)\\ & \cong j^* C(1,d)\\ & \cong D(1,j) \odot C(1,d)\\ & \cong C(1,d j) \end{aligned}$$

so that $\ell = d j$ is the $J$-weighted limit of $d$. That is, $D(j,1)$-weighted limits are just given by composition with $j$.

More interestingly, one can show that if $J = D(1,k)$ for some $k\colon D\to A$, then $J$-weighted limits specialize to pointwise right Kan extensions along $k$. That is, the extra data of a proarrow equipment lets us define the good notion of Kan extension (even in the enriched case) as a special case of a general notion of limit. Thus, in a general 2-category equipped with proarrows, we define a “pointwise right Kan extension” along an arrow $k\colon D\to A$ to be a $D(1,k)$-weighted limit. It is easy to show that any pointwise Kan extension is, in particular, an internal Kan extension in $K$, but as we have seen the converse fails in $V Cat$.

Right adjoints preserve limits

Suppose that $\ell\colon A\to C$ is a $J$-weighted limit of $d\colon D\to C$ in the above sense, and let $g\colon C\to B$ be an arrow with a left adjoint $f\colon B\to C$. We want to show that $g\ell$ is a $J$-weighted limit of $g d$. But we have

$$\begin{aligned} B(1,g\ell) &\cong C(1,\ell) \odot B(1,g)\\ &\cong \big(C(1,d) \lhd J\big) \odot C(f,1)\\ &\cong C(1,f) \rhd \big(C(1,d) \lhd J\big)\\ &\cong \big(C(1,f) \rhd C(1,d)\big) \lhd J\\ &\cong \big(C(1,d) \odot C(f,1)\big) \lhd J\\ &\cong \big(C(1,d) \odot B(1,g)\big) \lhd J\\ &\cong B(1,g d) \lhd J. \end{aligned}$$

which is what we want.

Graphs and cographs

As noted above, in the case of ordinary categories, the profunctors can in fact be recovered from the 2-category $Cat$. Specifically, profunctors $A\to B$ can be identified with two-sided discrete fibrations from $B$ to $A$ (that is, spans $B \leftarrow C \to A$ such that $C \to B$ is a (Grothendieck) fibration, $C\to A$ is an opfibration, the two structures are compatible, and each fiber of $C\to B\times A$ is discrete). The two-sided fibration corresponding to a profunctor is also called its graph. The same is true for internal categories, but not for enriched categories.

However the $V$-profunctors $A\to B$ can be recovered from the 2-category $V Cat$ in a different, and in fact dual, way: they are the two-sided codiscrete cofibrations from $B$ to $A$, i.e. two-sided discrete fibrations in $(V Cat)^{op}$. The two-sided cofibration corresponding to a profunctor is, unsurprisingly, its cograph, and also its collage. This was first noticed by Street and subsequently expanded on by other authors. In particular, one can write down axioms on a 2-category guaranteeing that its codiscrete cofibrations can be used to equip it with proarrows, and axioms on a proarrow equipment guaranteeing that it arises from codiscrete cofibrations.

Virtual equipments

One can formulate a generalized notion of equipment which includes $V Cat$ for any monoidal category $V$ (and in fact, any multicategory), and $Cat(S)$ for any category $S$ with pullbacks. The precise definition is complicated, but the basic idea is not: we start from the double-category definition, and instead of composites of the horizontal (pro)arrows, we allow the squares to have domains that are arbitrary composable strings, like so:

$$\array{ & \to \to \dots \to &\\ \downarrow & \Downarrow & \downarrow\\ & \underset{}{\to}& .}$$

So far this is analogous to the generalization from monoidal categories to multicategories, and gives the notion of virtual double category. We then impose a condition analogous to the existence of companions and conjoints to obtain the notion of virtual equipments. Most of category theory can be done in a virtual equipment just as well as in an equipment.

Related concepts

Variant concepts:

• virtual proarrow equipment

• 1-category proarrow equipment

• (1,2)-category proarrow equipment

Related concepts:

• cartesian bicategory

• bicategory of relations

• allegory

References

• Richard J. Wood: Abstract Proarrows I, Cahiers de topologie et géométrie différentielle 23 3 (1982) 279-290 [numdam:CTGDC_1982__23_3_279_0]

• Richard J. Wood, Proarrows II, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques 26 2 (1985) 135-168 [numdam:CTGDC_1985__26_2_135_0]

• Ross Street: Fibrations in bicategories, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques, 21 2 (1980) 111–160 [numdam:CTGDC_1980__21_2_111_0]

  (construction of $V Mod$ from $V Cat$)

• Aurelio Carboni, Scott Johnson, Ross Street, Dominic Verity: Modulated bicategories, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 94 3 (1994) 229-282 [doi:10.1016/0022-4049(94)90009-4, MR:1285544]

  (improved construction of $V Mod$ from $V Cat$)

• Dominic Verity: Enriched categories, internal categories and change of base, PhD. thesis, Cambridge University (1992), reprinted as: Reprints in Theory and Applications of Categories 20 (2011) 1-266 [tac:tr20]

• Mike Shulman: Framed bicategories and monoidal fibrations, Theory and Applications of Categories 20 18 (2008) 650-738 [tac:20-18]

  (The equivalence with certain double categories, there called framed bicategories, and a general way to construct equipments such as $Ab(S)$.)

• Geoff Cruttwell, Mike Shulman: A unified framework for generalized multicategories, Theory Appl. Categ. 24 21 (2010) 580-655 [arxiv/0907.2460, TAC:24-21]

  (currently the only reference for virtual equipments)

• Renato Betti, Aurelio Carboni, Ross Street, Robert Walters: Variation through enrichment, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 29 2 (1983) 109-127 [doi:10.1016/0022-4049(83)90100-7]

  (locally small fibrations as $Span$-enriched categories)

A blog post surveying ideas of proarrow equipments, much of which has been copied over to this page:

• Mike Shulman, Equipments (blog)

On a string diagram-calculus for (virtual) double categories with (virtual) pro-arrow equipments:

• David Jaz Myers: String Diagrams For Double Categories and (Virtual) Equipments [arXiv:1612.02762]

• David Jaz Myers, String Diagrams for (Virtual) Proarrow Equipments (2017) [slides: pdf, pdf]

An (∞,1)-category theoretic version of proarrow equipments is in

• Jaco Ruit, Formal category theory in ∞-equipments I (arXiv:2308.03583)