In this chapter we discuss these topics:
It might seem that with the construction of the local observables (def. ) on the on-shell space of field histories (prop. ) the field theory defined by a Lagrangian density (def. ) has been completely analyzed: This data specifies, in principle, which field histories are realized, and which observable properties these have.
In particular, if the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion (def. ) admit Cauchy surfaces (def. below), i.e. spatial codimension 1 slices of spacetimes such that a field history is uniquely specified already by its restriction to the infinitesimal neighbourhood of that spatial slice, then a sufficiently complete collection of local observables whose spacetime support (def. ) covers that Cauchy surface allows to predict the evolution of the field histories through time from that Cauchy surface.
This is all what one might think a theory of physical fields should accomplish, and in fact this is essentially all that was thought to be required of a theory of nature from about Isaac Newton‘s time to about Max Planck’s time.
But we have seen that a remarkable aspect of Lagrangian field theory is that the de Rham differential of the local Lagrangian density (def. ) decomposes into two kinds of variational differential forms (prop. ), one of which is the Euler-Lagrange form which determines the equations of motion (?).
However, there is a second contribution: The presymplectic current (?). Since this is of horizontal degree , its transgression (def. ) implies a further structure on the space of field histories restricted to spacetime submanifolds of dimension (i.e. of spacetime “codimension 1”). There may be such submanifolds such that this restriction to their infinitesimal neighbourhood (example ) does not actually change the on-shell space of field histories, these are called the Cauchy surfaces (def. below).
By the Hamiltonian Noether theorem (prop. ) the presymplectic current induces infinitesimal symmetries acting on field histories and local observables, given by the local Poisson bracket (prop. ). The transgression (def. ) of the presymplectic current to these Cauchy surfaces yields the corresponding infinitesimal symmetry group acting on the on-shell field histories, whose Lie bracket is the Poisson bracket pairing on on-shell observables (example below). This data, the on-shell space of field histories on the infinitesimal neighbourhood of a Cauchy surface equipped with infinitesimal symmetry exhibited by the Poisson bracket is called the phase space of the theory (def. ) below.
In fact if enough Cauchy surfaces exist, then the presymplectic forms associated with any one choice turn out do agree after pullback to the full on-shell space of field histories, exhibiting this as the covariant phase space of the theory (prop. below) which is hence manifestly independent of aa choice of space/time splitting. Accordingly, also the Poisson bracket on on-shell observables exists in a covariant form; for free field theories with Green hyperbolic equations of motion (def. ) this is called the Peierls-Poisson bracket (theorem below). The integral kernel for this Peierls-Poisson bracket is called the causal propagator (prop. ). Its “normal ordered” or “positive frequency component”, called the Wightman propagator (def. below) as well as the corresponding time-ordered variant, called the Feynman propagator (def. below), which we discuss in detail in Propagators below, control the causal perturbation theory for constructing perturbative quantum field theory by deforming the commutative pointwise product of on-shell observables to a non-commutative product governed to first order by the Peierls-Poisson bracket.
To see how such a deformation quantization comes about conceptually from the phase space strucure, notice from the basic principles of homotopy theory that given any structure on a space which is invariant with respect to a symmetry group acting on the space (here: the presymplectic current) then the true structure at hand is the homotopy quotient of that space by that symmetry group. We will explain this further below. This here just to point out that the homotopy quotient of the phase space by the infinitesimal symmetries of the presymplectic current is called the symplectic groupoid and that the true algebra of observables is hence the (polarized) convolution algebra of functions on this groupoid. This turns out to the “algebra of quantum observables” and the passage from the naive local observables on presymplectic phase space to this non-commutative algebra of functions on its homotopy quotient to the symplectic groupoid is called quantization. This we discuss in much detail below; for the moment this is just to motivate why the covariant phase space is the crucial construction to be extracted from a Lagrangian field theory.
Covariant phase space
Given a Lagrangian field theory on a spacetime (def. ), then a Cauchy surface is a submanifold (def. ) such that the restriction map from the on-shell space of field histories (?) to the space (?) of on-shell field histories restricted to the infinitesimal neighbourhood of (example ) is an isomorphism:
(normally hyperbolic differential operators have Cauchy surfaces)
Given a Lagrangian field theory on a spacetime (def. ) whose equations of motion (def. ) are given by a normally hyperbolic differential operator (def. ), then it admits Cauchy surfaces in the sense of Def. .
(e.g. Bär-Ginoux-Pfäffle 07, section 3.2)
(phase space associated with a Cauchy surface)
Given a Lagrangian field theory on a spacetime (def. ) and given a Cauchy surface (def. ) then the corresponding phase space is
the super smooth set (?) of on-shell field histories restricted to the infinitesimal neighbourhood of ;
equipped with the differential 2-form (as in def. )
which is the distributional transgression (def. ) of the presymplectic current (def. ) to .
This is a closed differential form in the sense of def. , due to prop. and using that is closed by definition (?). As such this is called the presymplectic form on the phase space.
(evaluation of transgressed variational form on tangent vectors for free field theory)
Let be a Lagrangian field theory (def. ) which is free (def. ) hence whose field bundle is a some smooth super vector bundle (example ) and whose Euler-Lagrange equation of motion is linear. Then the synthetic tangent bundle (def. ) of the on-shell space of field histories (?) with spacelike compact support (def ) is canonically identified with the Cartesian product of this super smooth set with itself
With field coordinates as in example , we may expand the presymplectic current as
where the components are smooth functions on the jet bundle.
Under these identifications the value of the presymplectic form (2) on two tangent vectors at a point is
(presymplectic form for free real scalar field)
Consider the Lagrangian field theory for the free real scalar field from example .
Under the identification of example the presymplectic form on the phase space (def. ) associated with a Cauchy surface is given by
Here the first equation follows via example from the form of from example , while the second equation identifies the integrand as the witness for the formally self-adjointness of the Klein-Gordon equation from example .
(presymplectic form for free Dirac field)
Consider the Lagrangian field theory of the free Dirac field (example ).
Under the identification of example the presymplectic form on the phase space (def. ) associated with a Cauchy surface is given by
Here the first equation follows via example from the form of from example , while the second equation identifies the integrand as the witness for the formally self-adjointness of the Dirac equation from example .
Consider a Lagrangian field theory on a spacetime (def. ).
Let
be a submanifold with two boundary components , both of which are Cauchy surfaces (def. ).
Then the corresponding inclusion diagram
induces a Lagrangian correspondence between the associated phase spaces (def. )
in that the pullback of the two presymplectic forms (2) coincides on the space of field histories:
Hence there is a well defined presymplectic form
on the genuine space of field histories, given by for any Cauchy surface . This presymplectic smooth space
is therefore called the covariant phase space of the Lagrangian field theory .
By prop. the total spacetime derivative of the presymplectic current vanishes on-shell:
in that the pullback (def. ) along the shell inclusion (?) vanishes:
This implies that the transgression of to the on-shell space of field histories vanishes (since by definition (?) that involves pulling back through the shell inclusion)
(polynomial Poisson bracket on covariant phase space – the Peierls bracket)
Let be a Lagrangian field theory (def. ) such that
it is a free field theory (def. )
whose Euler-Lagrange equation of motion (def. ) is
formally self-adjoint or formally anti self-adjoint (def. ) such that
Green hyperbolic (def. ).
Write
for the linear map from regular linear field observables (def. ) to on-shell field histories with spatially compact support (def. ) given under the identification (?) by the causal Green function (def. ).
Then for every Cauchy surface (def. ) this map is an inverse to the presymplectic form (def. ) in that, under the identification of tangent vectors to field histories from example , we have that the composite
equals the evaluation map of observables on field histories.
This means that for every Cauchy surface the presymplectic form restricts to a symplectic form on regular linear observables. The corresponding Poisson bracket is
Moreover, equation (3) implies that this is the covariant Poisson bracket in the sense of the covariant phase space (def. ) in that it does not actually depend on the choice of Cauchy surface.
An equivalent expression for the Poisson bracket that makes its independence from the choice of Cauchy surface manifest is the -Peierls bracket given by
where on the left
Hence under the given assumptions, for every Cauchy surface the Poisson bracket associated with that Cauchy surface equals the invariantly (“covariantly”) defined Peierls bracket
Finally this means that in terms of the causal propagator (?) the covariant Peierls-Poisson bracket is given in generalized function-notation by
Therefore, while the point-evaluation field observables (def. ) are not themselves regular observables (def. ), the Peierls-Poisson bracket (5) is induced from the following distributional bracket between them
with the causal propagator (?) on the right, in that with the identification (?) the Peierls-Poisson bracket on regular linear observables arises as follows:
Consider two more Cauchy surfaces , in the future and in the past of , respectively. Choose a partition of unity on consisting of two elements with support bounded by these Cauchy surfaces: .
Then define
by
Notice that the support of the partitioned field history is in the compactly sourced future/past cone
since is supported in the compactly sourced causal cone, but that indeed has compact support as required by (6): Since , by assumption, the support is the intersection of that of with that of , and the first is spacelike compact by assumption, while the latter is timelike compact, by definition of partition of unity.
Similarly, the equality in (7) holds because by partition of unity .
It follows that
where in the second line we chose from the two equivalent expressions (7) such that via (8) the defining property of the advanced or retarded Green function, respectively, may be applied, as shown under the braces.
Now we apply this to the computation of :
Here we computed as follows:
applied the assumption that ;
applied the above partition of unity;
used the Stokes theorem (prop. ) for the past and the future of , respectively;
applied the definition of as the witness of the formal (anti-) self-adjointness of (def. );
used on (def. ) and used (7);
unified the two integration domains, now that the integrands are the same;
used the formally (anti-)self adjointness of the Green functions (example );
used (9).
(scalar field and Dirac field have covariant Peierls-Poisson bracket)
Examples of free Lagrangian field theories for which the assumptions of theorem are satisfied, so that the covariant Poisson bracket exists in the form of the Peierls bracket include
the free real scalar field (example );
the free Dirac field (example ).
For the free scalar field this is the statement of example with example , while for the Dirac field this is the statement of example with example .
For the free electromagnetic field (example ) the assumptions of theorem are violated, the covariant phase space does not exist. But in the discussion of Gauge fixing, below, we will find that for an equivalent re-incarnation of the electromagnetic field, they are met after all.
BV-resolution of the covariant phase space
So far we have discussed the covariant phase space (prop. ) in terms of explicit restriction to the shell. We now turn to the more flexible perspective where a homological resolution of the shell in terms of “antifields” is used (def. ).
(BV-presymplectic current)
Let be a Lagrangian field theory (def. ) whose field bundle is a trivial vector bundle (example ) and whose Lagrangian density is spacetime-independent (example ). Let be a constant section of the shell (?).
Then in the BV-variational bicomplex (?) there exists the BV-presymplectic potential
and the corresponding BV-presymplectic current
defined by
where are the given field coordinates, the corresponding antifield coordinates (?) and the corresponding components of the Euler-Lagrange form (prop. ).
(local BV-BFV relation)
Let be a Lagrangian field theory (def. ) whose field bundle is a trivial vector bundle (example ) and whose Lagrangian density is spacetime-independent (example ). Let be a constant section of the shell (?).
Then the BV-presymplectic current (def. ) witnesses the on-shell vanishing (prop. ) of the total spacetime derivative of the genuine presymplectic current (prop. ) in that the total spacetime derivative of equals the BV-differential of :
Hence if is a submanifold of spacetime of full dimension with boundary
then the pullback of the two presymplectic forms (2) on the incoming and outgoing spaces of field histories, respectively, differ by the BV-differential of the transgression of the BV-presymplectic current:
This homological resolution of the Lagrangian correspondence that exhibits the “covariance” of the covariant phase space (prop. ) is known as the BV-BFV relation (Cattaneo-Mnev-Reshetikhin 12 (9)).
For the first statement we compute as follows:
where the first steps simply unwind the definitions, and where the last step is prop. .
With this the second statement follows by immediate generalization of the proof of prop. .
(derived presymplectic current of real scalar field)
Consider a Lagrangian field theory (def. ) without any non-trivial implicit infinitesimal gauge transformations (def. ); for instance the real scalar field from example .
Inside its local BV-complex (def. ) we may form the linear combination of
the presymplectic current (example )
This yields a vertical 2-form
which might be called the derived presymplectic current.
Similarly we may form the linear combination of 1. the presymplectic potential current (?)
the BF-presymplectic potential current (10)
the Lagrangian density (def. )
hence
(where the sum of the two terms on the right is the Lepage form (?)). This might be called the derived presymplectic potental current.
We then have that
and in fact
Of course the first statement follows from the second, but in fact the two contributions of the first statement even vanish separately:
The statement on the left is immediate from the definitions, since . For the statement on the right we compute
Here the first term vanishes via the local BV-BFV relation (prop. ) while the other two terms vanish simply by degree reasons.
Similarly for the second statement we compute as follows:
Here the direct vanishing of various terms is again by simple degree reasons, and otherwise we used the definition of and, crucially, the variational identity (?).
Hamiltonian local observables
We have defined the local observables (def. ) as the transgressions of horizontal -forms (with compact spacetime support) to the on-shell space of field histories over all of spacetime . More explicitly, these could be called the spacetime local observables.
But with every choice of Cauchy surface (def. ) comes another notion of local observables: those that are transgressions of horizontal -forms (instead of -forms) to the on-shell space of field histories restricted to the infinitesimal neighbourhood of that Cauchy surface (def. ): . These are spatially local observables, with respect to the given choice of Cauchy surface.
Among these spatially local observables are the Hamiltonian local observables (def. below) which are transgressions specifically of the Hamiltonian forms (def. ). These inherit a transgression of the local Poisson bracket (prop. ) to a Poisson bracket on Hamiltonian local observables (def. below). This is known as the Peierls bracket (example below).
(Hamiltonian local observables)
Let be a Lagrangian field theory (def. ).
Consider a local observable (def. )
hence the transgression of a variational horizontal -form of compact spacetime support.
Given a Cauchy surface (def. ) we say that is Hamiltonian if it is also the transgression of a Hamiltonian differential form (def. ), hence if there exists
whose transgression over the Cauchy surface equals the transgression of over all of spacetime , under the isomorphism (1)
Beware that the local observable defined by a Hamiltonian differential form as in def. does in general depend not just on the choice of , but also on the choice of the Cauchy surface. The exception are those Hamiltonian forms which are conserved currents:
(conserved charges – transgression of conserved currents)
Let be a Lagrangian field theory (def. ).
If a Hamiltonian differential form (def. ) happens to be a conserved current (def. ) in that its total spacetime derivative vanishes on-shell
then the induced Hamiltonian local observable (def. ) is independent of the choice of Cauchy surface (def ) in that for any two Cauchy surfaces which are cobordant, then
The resulting constant is called the conserved charge of the conserved current, traditionally denoted
By definition the transgression of vanishes on the on-shell space of field histories. Therefore the result is given by Stokes' theorem (prop. ).
(Poisson bracket of Hamiltonian local observables on covariant phase space)
Let be a Lagrangian field theory (def. ) where the field bundle is a trivial vector bundle over Minkowski spacetime (example ).
We say that the Poisson bracket on Hamiltonian local observables (def. ) is the transgression (def. ) of the local Poisson bracket (def. ) of the corresponding Hamiltonian differential forms (def. ) to the covariant phase space (def. ).
Explicitly: for a choice of Cauchy surface (def. ) then the Poisson bracket between two local Hamiltonian observables is
where on the right we have the transgression of the local Poisson bracket of Hamiltonian differential forms on the jet bundle from prop. .
We need to see that equation (11) is well defined, in that it does not depend on the choice of Hamiltonian form representing the local Hamiltonian observable .
It is clear that all the transgressions involved depend only on the restriction of the Hamiltonian forms to the pullback of the jet bundle to the infinitesimal neighbourhood . Moreover, the Poisson bracket on the jet bundle (?) clearly respects this restriction.
If a Hamiltonian differential form is in the kernel of the transgression map relative to , in that for every smooth collection of field histories (according to def. ) we have (by def. )
then the fact that the kernel of integration is the exact differential forms says that is -exact and hence in particular -closed for all :
for all . Since is horizontal, the same proposition (see also example ) implies that in fact is horizontally closed:
Now since the field bundle is trivial by assumption, prop. applies and says that this horizontally closed form on the jet bundle is in fact horizontally exact.
In conclusion this shows that the kernel of the transgression map is precisely the space of horizontally exact horizontal -forms.
Therefore the claim now follows with the statement that horizontally exact Hamiltonian differential forms constitute a Lie ideal for the local Poisson bracket on the jet bundle; this is lemma .
(Poisson bracket of the real scalar field)
Consider the Lagrangian field theory of the free scalar field (example ), and consider the Cauchy surface defined by .
By example the local Poisson bracket of the Hamiltonian forms
and
is
Upon transgression according to def. this yields the following Poisson bracket
where
denote the point-evaluation observables (example ), which act on a field history as
Notice that these point-evaluation functions themselves do not arise as the transgression of elements in ; only their smearings such as do. Nevertheless we may express the above Poisson bracket conveniently via the integral kernel
(super-Poisson bracket of the Dirac field)
Consider the Lagrangian field theory of the free Dirac field on Minkowski spacetime (example ) with field bundle the odd-shifted spinor bundle (example ) and with
the corresponding odd-graded point-evaluation observable (example ).
Then consider the Cauchy surfaces in Minkowski spacetime (def. ) given by for . Under transgression to this Cauchy surface via def. , the local Poisson bracket, which by example is given by the super Lie bracket
has integral kernel
This concludes our discussion of the phase space and the Poisson-Peierls bracket for well behaved Lagrangian field theories. In the next chapter we discuss in detail the integral kernels corresponding to the Poisson-Peierls bracket for key classes of examples. These are the propagators of the theory.
Last revised on August 30, 2018 at 06:16:13. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.