# nLab jet bundle

### Context

#### Differential geometry

differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

# Contents

## Idea

A jet can be thought of as the infinitesimal germ of a section of some bundle or of a map between spaces. Jets are a coordinate free version of Taylor-polynomials and Taylor series.

## Definition

### Concrete

For $p : P \to X$ a surjective submersion of smooth manifolds and $k \in \mathbb{N}$, the bundle $J^k P \to X$ of $k$- order jets of sections of $p$ is the bundle whose fiber over a point $x \in X$ is the space of equivalence classes of germs of sections of $p$, where two germs are considered equivalent if their first $k$ partial derivatives at $x$ coincide.

In the case when $p$ is a trivial bundle $p:X\times Y \to X$ its sections are canonically in bijection with maps from $X$ to $Y$ and two sections have the same partial derivatives iff the partial derivatives of the corresponding maps from $X$ to $Y$ agree. So in this case the jet space $J^k P$ is called the space of jets of maps from $X$ to $Y$ and commonly denoted with $J^k(X,Y)$.

### General abstract

We discuss a general abstract definition of jet bundles.

Let

For $X \in \mathbf{H}$, write $\Im(X)$ for the corresponding de Rham space object.

Notice that we have the canonical morphism, the $X$-component of the unit of the $\Im$-monad

$i \colon X \to \Im(X)$

(“inclusion of constant paths into all infinitesimal paths”).

The corresponding base change geometric morphism is

$(i^\ast \dashv i_\ast) \;\colon\; \mathbf{H}_{/X} \stackrel{\overset{i^*}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{Jet := i_*}{\to}} \mathbf{H}_{/\Im(X)}$
###### Definition

$i^\ast i_\ast \;\colon\; \mathbf{H}_{/X} \longrightarrow \mathbf{H}_{/X}$
###### Remark

Since base change gives even an adjoint triple $(i_! \dashv i^\ast \dashv i_\ast)$, there is a left adjoint $T_{inf} X \times_X (-)$ to the jet comonad of def. 1,

$T_{inf}X \times_X (-) \;\dashv\; Jet$

where $T_{inf} X$ is the infinitesimal disk bundle of $X$, see at differential cohesion – infinitesimal disk bundle – relation to jet bundles

###### Remark

In the context of differential geometry the fact that the jet bundle construction is a comonad was explicitly observed in (Marvan 86, see also Marvan 93, section 1.1, Marvan 89). It is almost implicit in (Krasil’shchik-Verbovetsky 98, p. 13, p. 17, Krasilshchik 99, p. 25).

In the context of synthetic differential geometry the fact that the jet bundle construction is right adjoint to the infinitesimal disk bundle construction is (Kock 80, prop. 2.2).

In the context of algebraic geometry and of D-schemes as in (BeilinsonDrinfeld, 2.3.2, reviewed in Paugam, section 2.3), the base change comonad formulation inf def. 1 was noticed in (Lurie, prop. 0.9).

In as in (BeilinsonDrinfeld, 2.3.2, reviewed inPaugam, section 2.3) jet bundles are expressed dually in terms of algebras in D-modules. We now indicate how the translation works.

###### Remark

In terms of differential homotopy type theory this means that forming “jet types” of dependent types over $X$ is the dependent product operation along the unit of the infinitesimal shape modality

$jet(E) \coloneqq \underset{X \to \Im X}{\prod} E \,.$
###### Definition

A quasicoherent (∞,1)-sheaf on $X$ is a morphism of (∞,2)-sheaves

$X \to Mod \,.$

We write

$QC(X) := Hom(X, Mod)$

A D-module on $X$ is a morphism of (∞,2)-sheaves

$\Im (X) \to Mod \,.$

We write

$DQC(X) := Hom(\Im (X), Mod)$

for the stable (∞,1)-category of D-modules.

The Jet algebra functor is the left adjoint to the forgetful functor from commutative algebras over $\mathcal{D}(X)$ to those over the structure sheaf $\mathcal{O}(X)$

$(Jet \dashv F) : Alg_{\mathcal{D}(X)} \stackrel{\overset{Jet}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{F}{\to}} Alg_{\mathcal{O}(X)} \,.$

## Application

Typical Lagrangians in quantum field theory are defined on jet bundles. Their variational calculus is governed by Euler-Lagrange equations.

Examples of sequences of local structures

geometrypointfirst order infinitesimal$\subset$formal = arbitrary order infinitesimal$\subset$local = stalkwise$\subset$finite
$\leftarrow$ differentiationintegration $\to$
smooth functionsderivativeTaylor seriesgermsmooth function
curve (path)tangent vectorjetgerm of curvecurve
smooth spaceinfinitesimal neighbourhoodformal neighbourhoodgerm of a spaceopen neighbourhood
function algebrasquare-0 ring extensionnilpotent ring extension/formal completionring extension
arithmetic geometry$\mathbb{F}_p$ finite field$\mathbb{Z}_p$ p-adic integers$\mathbb{Z}_{(p)}$ localization at (p)$\mathbb{Z}$ integers
Lie theoryLie algebraformal grouplocal Lie groupLie group
symplectic geometryPoisson manifoldformal deformation quantizationlocal strict deformation quantizationstrict deformation quantization

## References

Textbook accounts and lecture notes include

• David Saunders, The geometry of jet bundles, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 142, Cambridge Univ. Press 1989.

• Joseph Krasil'shchik in collaboration with Barbara Prinari, Lectures on Linear Differential Operators over Commutative Algebras, 1998 (pdf)

• Shihoko Ishii, Jet schemes, arc spaces and the Nash problem, arXiv:math.AG/0704.3327

• G. Sardanashvily, Fibre bundles, jet manifolds and Lagrangian theory, Lectures for theoreticians, arXiv:0908.1886

• Peter Olver, Lectures on Lie groups and differential equation, chapter 3, Jets and differential invariants, 2012 (pdf)

Early accounts include

• Hubert Goldschmidt, Integrability criteria for systems of nonlinear partial differential equations, J. Differential Geom. Volume 1, Number 3-4 (1967), 269-307 (Euclid)

Discussion of the Frechet manifold structure on jet bundles includes

• Floris Takens, A global version of the inverse problem of the calculus of variations, J. Differential Geom. Volume 14, Number 4 (1979), 543-562. (Euclid)

• M. Bauderon, Differential geometry and Lagrangian formalism in the calculus of variations, in Differential Geometry, Calculus of Variations, and their Applications, Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, 100, Marcel Dekker, Inc., N.Y., 1985, pp. 67-82.

• Andrew Lewis, The bundle of infinite jets 2006 (pdf)

Discussion in tems of synthetic differential geometry is in

• Anders Kock, Formal manifolds and synthetic theory of jet bundles, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques (1980) Volume: 21, Issue: 3 (Numdam)

• Anders Kock, section 2.7 of Synthetic geometry of manfiolds, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 180 (2010). (pdf)

The comonad structure on the jet operation in the context of differential geometry is made explicit in

• Michal Marvan, A note on the category of partial differential equations, in Differential geometry and its applications, Proceedings of the Conference August 24-30, 1986, Brno (pdf)

(notice that prop. 1.3 there is wrong, the correct version is in the thesis of the author)

with further developments in

• Michal Marvan On the horizontal cohomology with general coefficients, 1989 (web announcement, web archive)

Abstract: In the present paper the horizontal cohomology theory is interpreted as a special case of the Van Osdol bicohomology theory applied to what we call a “jet comonad”. It follows that differential equations have well-defined cohomology groups with coefficients in linear differential equations.

• Michal Marvan, section 1.1 of On Zero-Curvature Representations of Partial Differential Equations, (1993) (web)

In the context of algebraic geometry, the abstract characterization of jet bundles as the direct images of base change along the de Rham space projection is noticed on p. 6 of

The explicit description in terms of formal duals of commutative monoids in D-modules is in

An exposition of this is in section 2.3 of

A discussion of jet bundles with an eye towards discussion of the variational bicomplex on them is in chapter 1, section A of

• Ian Anderson, The variational bicomplex (pdf)

The de Rham cohomology of jet bundles is discussed in

• G.Giachetta, L.Mangiarotti, G.Sardanashvily, Cohomology of the variational bicomplex on the infinite order jet space, Journal of Mathematical Physics 42, 4272-4282 (2001) (arXiv:math/0006074)

Discussion of jet-restriction of the Haefliger groupoid is in

• Arne Lorenz, Jet Groupoids, Natural Bundles and the Vessiot Equivalence Method, Thesis (pdf)

Discussion of jet bundles in supergeometry includes

• Arthemy V. Kiselev, Andrey O. Krutov, appendix of On the (non)removability of spectral parameters in $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded zero-curvature representations and its applications (arXiv:1301.7143)

Revised on January 10, 2016 06:59:57 by David Corfield (84.92.190.125)